Mandelstam, Leonid Isaakovich

Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam was born into the family of a doctor, a college assessor, famous obstetrician Isaak Grigorievich (Itsek Gershovich) Mandelstam (1847, Zhagory - 1921, Odessa) ^[3] and pianists Mina Lvovna (Froim-Leibovna) Kagan (1853, 1853, 1825) , Odessa) ^[4] . He studied at Novorossiysk University in Odessa (expelled in 1899 for participating in student unrest ^[5] ) and Strasbourg University, where his uncle Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich worked as an assistant to the famous anthropologist Gustav Schwalbe .

Childhood and youth passed in Odessa . He studied at home until the age of 12, in 1891 he entered the gymnasium, which he graduated in 1897 with a silver medal, and entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Novorossiysk University ^[6] . Even in high school, Leonid Isaakovich showed great interest in the exact sciences, namely, physics and mathematics.

In 1898, student unrest arose in the university, in which L. I. Mandelstam took such an active part that he was arrested as one of the "instigators" and was expelled from the university. In the same year he went abroad and entered the University of Strasbourg , where he took part in the radio engineering of the famous physicist K.F. Brown .

In 1902, L.I. Mandelstam defended his doctoral dissertation.

In 1907 he became privat-docent of the University of Strasbourg .

1902-1913 - Assistant K.F. Brown .

In 1913, Mr .. received the title of professor, and he was entrusted with a course in applied physics at the University of Strasbourg .

In 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I , L.N. Mandelstam returned to Odessa and was invited as a private assistant professor at Novorossiysk University .

From 1915 to 1917 He was a scientific consultant to the radiotelegraph department of Siemens and Halske in Petrograd .

In 1917, he was a professor of physics at the Tiflis (Tbilisi) Polytechnic Institute .

In the years 1918-1922. - He is directly involved in the organization of the Odessa Polytechnic Institute .

In 1918, L. I. Mandelstam was elected professor of physics at the newly created Odessa Polytechnic Institute .

In 1922 he moved to Moscow .

In 1925, after a brief stay in Leningrad ( Central Radio Laboratory , work as a consultant at the State Physics and Technology Laboratory at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute ), L. I. Mandelstam returned to Moscow. Here all subsequent years of the scientist passed, bringing his main scientific achievements.

Since 1925, he heads the Department of Theoretical Physics at Moscow University and heads the theoretical office at the Research Institute of Physics at Moscow State University .

In 1925 - professor of theoretical physics at Moscow University .

In 1928, Leonid Isaakovich was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1929, he was a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences .

In 1930, he was nominated for a Nobel Prize . He advanced for the discovery of Raman scattering .

In 1931 - received the State Prize of the USSR . V.I. Lenin .

In 1934, after the transfer of the Academy of Sciences to Moscow , L. I. Mandelstam was the supervisor of two laboratories — optical and vibration — organized at the Moscow Institute of Physics. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR . Very quickly, he became one of the leading physicists in Moscow .

In 1936 he received a prize to them. D.I. Mendeleev .

In 1940 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor .

In 1942 - State Prize of the USSR . I.V. Stalin of the first degree.

In 1944 - the Order of Lenin .

He died on November 27, 1944 from heart disease. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow .

In his honor, one of the craters on the far side of the moon was named, by the decree of the Government, scholarships of his name were established for students and graduate students of Moscow University and P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute .

• In 1907 he married Lydia Solomonovna Isakovich (1884-1962).
  • Son - Sergey Leonidovich Mandelstam (1910-1990), physicist.
• A cousin is the bibliographer Lidia Sergeevna (Solomonovna) Mandelstam (1896-1973; daughter of the bibliographer Rosa Semyonovna Mandelstam , 1875-1953).
• Nephew - Soviet physicist Mikhail Alexandrovich Isakovich (1911-1982), great-nephew (grandson of his sister, Leah (Eleanor) Isaakovna Isakovich, 1886-1978) - Russian mathematician Vladimir Igorevich Arnold ^[7] .

The main works of L.I. Mandelstam in the field of optics, radiophysics, theory of nonlinear oscillations, quantum theory, history and methodology of physics. In the work “On optically homogeneous and turbid media” (1907), he proved the fallacy of the theories of M. Planck and J. Rayleigh , showing that the scattering of light occurs only in optically inhomogeneous media and is caused, not by the movement of molecules, but by thermal density fluctuations described by Marian Smolukhovsky .

In 1911, L.I. Mandelstam performed an important study on the theory of microscopic imaging.

In the period from 1914 to 1925. L. I. Mandelshtam dealt primarily with issues of technical physics and the transfer to optics of the idea of ​​the properties of modulated oscillations.

In 1918, he received formulas to determine the magnitude of the expected change in the wavelength of scattered light.

In 1926, he predicted (independently of L. Brillouin) that when light is scattered by an elastic medium, a splitting of the scattered light line (Brillouin – Mandelstam effect) should be observed, the idea was formulated in 1918-1921). He discovered (together with G.S. Landsberg ) selective (Raman) scattering of light. Developed (together with M. A. Leontovich ) the theory of light scattering in solids; rigorous mathematical theory of optical images.

In 1928, together with G.S. Landsberg , independently of the Indian physicists C. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, he discovered a fundamental phenomenon - Raman scattering of light in crystals. Predicted the effect and built the theory of the so-called Rayleigh scattering. Created (together with M. A. Leontovich ) the theory of the passage of a particle through a potential barrier and predicted the use of scattering matrices. During the experiments, L.I. Mandelstam discovered and described a completely new optical effect - Raman color scattering.

He gave (together with I. Ye. Tamm ) a general interpretation of the uncertainty relation in terms of “energy-time”. L.I. Mandelstam, together with N.D.

Creates works on the scattering of light. Much attention is paid to teaching activities. L. I. Mandelstam investigated non-linear oscillations in radio engineering, acoustics, automation, aerodynamics; contributed to the discovery of new types of resonances. He developed new methods of radiotelegraph and radiotelephone modulation, radio interference methods for studying the propagation of radio waves and measuring distance. Created a new field of radio engineering - radio geodesy.

In 1942, together with ND Papaleksi , he proposed the use of radar methods in astronomy. Based on this idea , N.D. Papaleksi performed calculations on the radar of the moon (it was carried out in the USA in 1945).

Created a school of physicists ( A. A. Andronov , A. A. Witt , G. S. Gorelik , G. S. Landsberg , M. A. Leontovich , S. M. Rytov , I. E. Tamm , S. E. Khaikin , S.P. Shubin et al.).

The scientific discoveries of the scientist covered many areas of science and technology: optics, radiophysics, quantum mechanics, the theory of nonlinear oscillations. One of his outstanding achievements is the results of studies of electrical oscillations. L. I. Mandelstam proved that it is more advantageous to have a weak rather than a strong connection between the elements of the oscillatory chain, although before him there was a completely opposite opinion. His principle of "weak connection" has come into common use.

Research by Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam in the field of radiophysics and the theory of oscillations opened up great opportunities for the development of radio engineering, radio geodesy, acoustics and aerodynamics. He created the theory of multivibrators and discovered a new type of resonance (n-type) - oscillation in circuits whose natural resonance frequency is exactly n times lower than the frequency of an electrical signal.

Mandelstam's scientific achievements were highly appreciated by the scientific community: in 1928 he was elected a corresponding member , and in 1929 - a full member of the Academy of Sciences .

L.I. Mandelstam was also an outstanding organizer, lecturer and teacher. In Odessa, he attracted N.D. Papaleksi , I.E. Tamm , M.A. Aganin and others to work at the Polytechnic Institute, in difficult conditions he gave general education lectures, and for a small group of students who became his first Russian students ( I E. Tamm , K. B. Romanyuk, E. Ya. Shchegolev), read a course in the theory of oscillations. Mandelstam's lectures and seminars at Moscow State University were of great importance for the development of this theory. The influence of these lectures, as well as others on the theory of electromagnetic fields, optics, theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, went far beyond the physics department of Moscow State University , and gathered a large audience from all over Moscow ; here, along with students, one could meet professors, along with physicists - engineers and mathematicians. Lectures were distributed in handwritten form and had a significant impact on both teaching and research in the theory of nonlinear oscillations. Among the students of Mandelstam are G. S. Gorelik , S. M. Rytov , S. P. Strelkov , S. E. E. Khaikin , M. A. Leontovich and others.

• Complete Works: in 5 volumes / L.I. Mandelstam; Edited by: S. M. Rytov, M. A. Leontovich; entry Art. N. D. Papaleksi. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947. - 1955.
• The energy-time uncertainty relation in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics / L. I. Mandelstam, I.E. Tamm // Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The series is physical. - 1945. - T. 9. - S. 122-128.
• Once again on the forces of inertia in connection with the article by A. N. Krylov / L. I. Mandelstam // Successes in Phys. sciences. - 1946.- T. 28, no. 1. - S. 99-102.
• Optical work of Newton / L. I. Mandelstam // Successes of the physical. sciences. - 1946.- T. 28, no. 1 .-- S. 103-129.
• On light scattering in crystals / G. S. Landsberg, L. I. Mandelstam // Uspekhi fiz. sciences. - 1967. - T. 93, no. 2. - S. 320—329; Also. - Successes physical. sciences. - 1978. - T. 126, no. 1 .-- S. 155-164.
• Lectures on the theory of oscillations / L. I. Mandelstam. - M.: Nauka, 1972.- 466 p.
• Lectures on optics, theory of relativity and quantum mechanics / L. I. Mandelstam. - M.: Nauka, 1972.- 440 p.

• Golden Name of Odessa National University of Name of I. І. Mechnikov, 1865—2015: sciences. Dovid. / sciences. ed. І. M. Koval; order: M.O. Podrezova, V.V. Samodurova; bіblіogr. ed. A.P. Bakhchivanzhi. - Odessa: Astroprint, 2015 .-- S. 16-17.
• Gorelik G.E. Leonid Mandelstam (1879-1944) / G.E. Gorelik // Russian science in persons: collection. / under total. ed. Yu.S. Osipova; comp. V.A. Popov. - M.: Academia, 2009. - Vol. 5. - S. 206—223.
• Ginzburg V. L. On the history of the discovery of Raman scattering of light / V. L. Ginzburg, I. L. Fabelinsky // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2003. - T. 73, No. 3. - S. 215—227.
• Mandelstam Leonid Isaakovich - laureate of the prize named after V.I. Lenin, USSR State Prize laureate, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences // History of Odessa Polytechnic in essays / ed. Yu. S. Denisov, V.I. Bondar; under the editorship of V.P. Malakhova. - Odessa: Astroprint, 2003 .-- S. 51-56.
• Mandelshtam Leonid Isakovich // Open schools in Odessa: bibliogr. Dovid. / order. І. E. Rikun; Odesa holding sciences. bk im. M. Gorky. - Odessa, 2003. - VIP. 1: Natural Sciences, 1865-1945, part 4: Physical. - S. 47- 52.
• Gorelik G. E. University and academic physics / G. E. Gorelik // Vopr. history of science and technology. - 1991. - No. 2. - S. 31-46.
• Livanova A. M. “The second degree of understanding”: Academician L. I. Mandelstam / A. M. Livanova, V. A. Livanov. - M.: Knowledge, 1988 .-- 190 p. - (Creators of science and technology).
• Rytov S. M. The ideological heritage of L.I. Mandelstam / S. M. Rytov // Vopr. history of science and technology. - 1988. - No. 3. - S. 41-54.
• Hramov Yu. A. Scientific schools in physics / Yu. A. Hramov. - Kiev: Science. Dumka, 1987 .-- S. 265; S. 270.
• Hramov Yu. A. Mandelstam, Leonid Isaakovich // Physicists: Biographical Reference / Ed. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Nauka , 1983 .-- S. 177. - 400 p. - 200,000 copies. (in per.)
• Mandelshtam Leonid Isakovich // Ukrainian radian encyclopedia. - 2nd view. - K., 1981. - T. 6. - S. 344; Portr.
• Academician L.I. Mandelstam: collection. articles. - M.: Knowledge, 1980 .-- 64 p.
• Rytov S. M L. I. Mandelstam and the doctrine of modulation / S. M Rytov // Academician L. I. Mandelstam: on the 100th anniversary of his birth. - M.: Nauka, 1979.- S. 170.
• Feinberg E. L. L. I. Mandelstam - a look at a distance (episodes) / E. L. Feinberg // Academician L. I. Mandelstam: on the 100th anniversary of his birth. - M.: Nauka, 1979. ¬- S. 239-240.
• Academician L.I. Mandelstam: collection. to the 100th anniversary of the birth / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Separation of the Society of Physics and Astronomy; Editorial: S. M. Rytov (ed.) and others .-- M.: Nauka, 1976 .-- 312 p. ; 1 liter Portr.
• Mandelstam Leonid Isaakovich // Big Soviet Encyclopedia. - 3rd ed. - M., 1974. - T. 15. - S. 319-320.
• Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam (1879-1944) // Outstanding physicists of the world: rivers. decree. - M., 1958. - S. 383-389.
• Khaikin S.E. Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam (1879-1944) / S.E. Khaikin, G.S. Landsberg // People Rus. sciences: essays on outstanding figures in natural sciences and technology. - M.; L.: Gostekhizdat, 1948. - T. 1. - S. 260—271.
• Papaleksi N. D. From scientific memoirs about Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam / N.D. Papaleksi // Izv. Acad. sciences of the USSR. Ser. Fiz. - 1946. - T. X, No. 2. - S. 127-134.
• Андронов А. А. Л. И. Мандельштам и теория нелинейных колебаний / А. А. Андронов // Известия АН СССР. Ser. Fiz. — 1945. — Т. 9, № 1-2. — С. 30-55.
• Горелик Г. С. Л. И. Мандельштам и учение о резонансе / Г. С. Горелик // Известия АН СССР. Ser. Fiz. — 1945. — Т. IX, № 1-2. — С. 61-76.
• Папалекси Н. Д. Краткий очерк жизни и научной деятельности Леонида Исааковича Мандельштама / Н. Д. Папалекси. // Успехи физических наук. — 1945. — Т. 27, № 2. — С. 143—158.
• Папалекси Н. Д. О деятельности академика Л. И. Мандельштама в области радиофизики и радиотехники / Н. Д. Папалекси // Электричество. — 1945. — № 1-2. — С. 44-45.
• Хронологический указатель опубликованных трудов Л. И. Мандельштама // Изв. Acad. sciences of the USSR. Ser. Fiz. — 1945. — Т. 9, вып. 1-2. — С. 129—132.
• Щеголев Е. Я. Академик Л. И. Мандельштам — радиоинженер / Е. Я. Щеголев // Изв. Acad. sciences of the USSR. Ser. Fiz. — 1945. — Т. 9, № 1-2. — С. 88-96.

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