Table
| Letter | MFA | Russian practical transcription |
|---|---|---|
| A a | [ a ] | but |
| â | [ a ] | I |
| a ( see note 1 ) | ||
| B b | [ b ] | b |
| C c | [ d͡ʒ ] | j |
| Ç ç | [ t͡ʃ ] | h |
| D d | [ d ] | d |
| E e | [ e ] | uh (at the beginning of the word and after the vowels) |
| e (after consonants) | ||
| F f | [ f ] | f |
| G g | [ g ], [ gʲ ] | g |
| Ğ ğ | [ ɰ ], [ ʔ ], [ j ], - | g |
| th (sometimes) | ||
| not transmitted ( see Note 2 ) | ||
| H h | [ h ] | x |
| I ı | [ ɯ ] | s |
| after c, ç, j, ş, y → and : Çıldır → Childr | ||
| İ i | [ i ] | and |
| î | [ i ] | and ( see Note 1 ) |
| J j | [ ʒ ] | Well |
| K k | [ k ], [ kʲ ] | to |
| L l | [ ɫ ] | l (at the beginning of the syllable; except before â and û ): Balıkesir , (at the end of the syllable after vowels: a, o, u, ı): Kızılırmak , Istanbul |
| [ lʲ ] | l (at the beginning of the syllable): Kilis | |
| e (at the end of the syllable after the front vowels: e, i, ö, ü): Yesilirmak , Elbistan , Bingöl | ||
| M m | [ m ] | m |
| N n | [ n ] | n |
| O o | [ o ] | about |
| Ö ö | [ ø ] | about (at the beginning of the word and after the vowels) |
| ё (after consonants) | ||
| P p | [ p ] | P |
| R r | [ r ] | R |
| S s | [ s ] | with |
| Ş ş | [ ʃ ] | sh |
| T t | [ t ] | t |
| U u | [ u ] | at |
| û | [ u ] | Yu |
| y ( see note 1 ) | ||
| Ü ü | [ y ] | u (at the beginning of the word and after the vowels) |
| u (after consonants) | ||
| V v | [ v ] | at |
| Y y | [ j ] | th; |
| i, yo, yu et al. (with the letter combination “y + vowel”, see note 3 ) | ||
| Z z | [ z ] | s |
Notes:
- 1. Vowels a, i, u can be written with an accent “ circumflex ”: â, î,; letters with such a sign are not considered independent letters of the alphabet, and the sign itself may be omitted. These letters are used in the following cases:
- to convey long vowels in words of Arabic and Persian origin ( â , î and û ); ;
- to transmit a palatal (“softened”) pronunciation of a consonant preceding such a vowel (g, k, l) in borrowed words and proper names (only â and): Hakkari ; sometimes words can differ only in these letters: kar / kar / means “snow”, kâr / kʲar / - “profit”. In this case, usually transmitted in Russian letters I and yu : Elazig .
- 2. The letter Ğ (“ yumuşak ge ”) in modern literary Turkish is pronounced “weakened” or does not mean independent sound at all. Nevertheless, in geographical names and in the transmission of Turkish names, it is customary to transfer it in all positions through “g”: Niğde → Nowhere (Nigda), Divriği → Divriгиi, Bozdoğan → Bozdogan, Elazığ → Elazı,, Muğla → Mugla , Iğdır → I dır (Igdır ). For transcriptions in other cases, it is recommended to adhere to the same tradition.
Note: If you need to accurately convey the pronunciation of the original, more complex rules apply:
- After front vowels (i, e, ö, ü):
- before a consonant is pronounced in two ways: either as [j] or lengthening the preceding vowel: Çiğdem [ʧ͡iː'dem] / [ʧ͡ij'dem]; in Russian can be transmitted through the "th": Chidem / Chigdem .
- between two vowels is also pronounced in two ways: either as a velar approximant / ɰ / (about the average between [ј] and [ɣ], and is often described as the first or second, or as a semi-vowel [ɪ]), or as a laryngeal bow , and then the combination of two vowels with ğ between them is perceived as a two-vertex vowel - değer [de'ɰer] / [de'er]; in Russian, respectively, is transmitted as "g" or "d" or is not transmitted at all: deger / deer / deer.
- After back vowels (a, ı, o, u):
- before a consonant and at the end of the word indicates the lengthening of the previous vowel: Çağdaş [ʧ͡aː'daʃ]; In Russian it is transmitted as "g": Chagdash .
- between two vowels is pronounced like a guttural bow (the whole combination is perceived as a double-tip vowel, or as an ordinary long vowel): Çağan [ʧ͡a'ʔan] / [ʧ͡aːn]; in Russian, respectively, is transmitted as “g” or not at all: Chagan / Chaan.
- At the beginning of words and after consonants is not found.
- After front vowels (i, e, ö, ü):
- 3. Combinations of y followed by a vowel are transmitted as follows:
| Combination | At the beginning of the word and after the vowel | After consonant inside morpheme | After consonant at the junction of the roots | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ya | I | th | ya | Yayla → Yayla , Konya → Konya , Başyayla (baş + yayla) → Basjayla |
| ye | e | st | eu | Yeşilırmak → Yesilirmak, Ünye → Unye , Tanyelek (tan + yelek) → Tanjelek |
| yi | yi | (s) | yi | Yiğit → Yigit , Akyiğit (ak + yiğit) → Akyigit |
| yı | you | you | you | Yıldırım → Yıldırım , Akyıldız → Akyıldız, Karadayı → Karaday |
| yo | yo | yo | yo | Yozgat → Yozgat , Bayortaç → Bayortach , Balyoz → Baloz, Dörtyol (dört + yol) → Dörtyol |
| yö | yo / yo | (s) | yo | Yörük → Yoruk / Yoruk , Bayözel (bay + özel) → Bayosel |
| yu, yü | Yu | yu | yu | Yunus → Yunus , Başyurt (baş + yurt) → Bashyurt , İpekyürek (ipek + yürek) → Ipekürek |
- yya and yyu / yyü combinations are transmitted as yya and yu : Eyyub → Eyyub
See also
- Turkish alphabet
Literature
- Dybo A.V. Oguz Group // Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Regional reconstruction / Ed. ed. E. R. Tenishev . - M .: Science, 2002. Pp. 10-13 (Turkish vocalism), 44-49 (Turkish consonantism)
- Ermolovich DI. Proper names: theory and practice of interlanguage transmission . - M .: Valent, 2005. Pp. 359-360.
- Practical Transcription of Family-Named Groups / Under. ed. R. S. Gilyarevsky. - M .: FIZMATLIT, 2004. Pp. 144-148.
- Turkey Geographical map. 1: 2 000 000. M .: GUGK USSR, 1989.
- Instructions on the Russian transfer of geographical names of Turkey / Comp. N.M. Nadzharova ; Ed. K. T. Boyko . - M. , 1980. - 51 p. - 300 copies