Fourth Estate ( Fourth Estate ) is a phrase that defines both the press itself and its influence in society . It is alleged that “journalists have great power in society” [1] :
And awareness of this power should be combined with modesty and a sense of duty to the reader. At all times, they sought recognition through a high level of accuracy and impartiality, as well as through their compliance with the rules of fair play.
The first, second and third authorities are, respectively, the legislative , executive and judicial branches of government [2] . The English term is English. Fourth Estate , literally meaning "fourth estate", is a hint of the three estates of the European Middle Ages - the nobility, clergy and common people.
It should be noted that the term “fourth power” is lyrical and reflects only the enormous influence of the media on society. At the same time, the media do not have real power , since they do not have the legal right to force to commit any action, for example, to pay a fine .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Conceptual
- 3 Alternative Values
- 4 Books, movies, shows
- 5 See also
- 6 notes
- 7 References
History
The term was first used by Thomas Carlyle . Sometimes authorship is attributed to Jean-Jacques Rousseau [3] . The first printed reference in the modern sense to Thomas Macaulay . Oscar Wilde mentioned “journalism” in this meaning [4] .
From the work “The Fourth Power as a Sociological Category” [5] :
Acting through the mass media on public opinion as a state of mass consciousness, mass communications contribute thereby to the best realization of the goals of subjects of social interests. This fact served as the basis for the emergence of the term "fourth power", which endows mass communications with certain special power powers.
In the USSR, the term was used exclusively in relation to Western periodicals , since in the Soviet state-legal system there was no bourgeois principle of separation of powers [6] [7] . For the first time in relation to domestic journalism, this phrase was used by Yevgeny Dodolev in the newspapers Moskovsky Komsomolets and Moskovskaya Pravda in 1986 (in publications about such a phenomenon as publicity ) [8] .
Conceptual
There is an opinion that journalism is the fourth power (if it is hypothetically assumed that it is possible) if and only if it is not itself [9] .
In the context of globalization, some experts call the power of the press the first, not the fourth [10] [11] [12] .
Alternative Values
- In Russia, the fourth power is also called the Prosecutor's Office - primarily the Prosecutor's Office of Russia .
- The phrase was often used in relation to the proletariat [13] . In Italy, the term “Fourth Power” ( Il quarto stato ) was used by journalists [14] , describing large-scale proletarian demonstrations and strikes in the north of the country ( Milan , Turin ) at the beginning of the last century [15] .
- Elena Blavatsky under the fourth understood the power of the Atlantean race [16] .
- In the parliamentary debate of 1789, the British parliamentarian, arguing with William Pitt (at that time, the Minister ), referred to the Queen as the “fourth power” [17] .
Books, movies, shows
- “The Fourth Power” - REN TV channel broadcast dedicated to television (author and presenter Maria Slonim ).
- “The fourth power. The British Model ”- a book by the Publishing House of Moscow University ISBN 5-211-04427-4 . Year of publication: 2002 [18] .
- The Fourth Power (Le 4ème pouvoir) is a 1985 French movie. Psychological drama about the abduction of a reporter. [19]
- "The Fourth Power " (Die vierte Macht) - German movie 2012 . Thriller about a German journalist and Chechen terrorists in Moscow.
- "The Fourth Power" is a documentary of the famous journalist Arkady Mamontov , shown on the Russia-1 TV channel on January 26, 2016 [20] [21] .
See also
- Media freedom
- US Press
- Media democracy
- Carlyle Thomas
- Fifth power
Notes
- ↑ Profession of a reporter and journalist
- ↑ Most Lipans believe that journalists are no longer the “fourth power”. (inaccessible link)
- ↑ http://creating.com.ua/one/s/Yavliaiuts.html (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Wilde, Oscar , "The Soul of Man under Socialism" , in Guy, Josephine M., Complete Works of Oscar Wilde , vol. IV, Oxford University Press , p. 255 , < https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ki5KybpBTmoC&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255 > . Retrieved April 16, 2006.
- ↑ T.V. Naumenko. "Fourth Power" as a sociological category
- ↑ FOURTH AUTHORITY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN RUSSIA
- ↑ Carnegie Moscow Center (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Something about the fourth power (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment January 21, 2010. Archived December 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Fourth Power" as a sociological category
- ↑ “On Globalization, the New Totalitarianism and Russia”
- ↑ The role of the media in PR
- ↑ The democratic way of dominating the liberal political teachings of the 19th century (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Fielding, Henry. {{{title}}} (unopened) // Covent Garden Journal . - L. , 1752. - 13 June ( No. 47 ). , Quoted in OED "estate, n, 7b".
- ↑ Paulicelli, Eugenia. The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture / Barański, Zygmunt G .; West, Rebecca J .. - Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press , 2001 .-- P. 248. - ISBN 9780521559829 . For his painting, Pellizza transferred the action to his home village of Volpedo .
- ↑ Pugliese, Stanislao G. Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile. - Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press , 1999. - P. 67-69. - ISBN 9780674000537 .
- ↑ "The Prediction of World War II"
- ↑ Dodsley's Annual Register for 1789 / Edmund Burke . - L .: J Dodsley, 1792. - Vol. 31. - P. 112.
- ↑ Beglov S. I. The Fourth Power. British model. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow University , 2002. ISBN 5-211-04427-4
- ↑ Le 4ème pouvoir (1985)
- ↑ The story of the attack on the Annunciation journalists was shown in the author’s program of Arkady Mamontov . Amur.info (January 27, 2016).
- ↑ Arkady Mamontov reveals abscesses. The Vesti.Doc program proved that the will to fight corruption came along with Putin . New newspaper (January 29, 2016).
Links
- FOURTH AUTHORITY BECOMES FIRST
- “ The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns ” (English) From the work of Thomas Carlyle.
- Dmitry Bykov . “Correct newspaper” // “ New Look ”: newspaper. - M. , 2006. - No. 08 . - S. 03 .