Kravkov, Sergey Vasilievich

Sergei Vasilievich Kravkov was born on May 19 (31), 1893 in Ryazan in the family of a military doctor Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov (1859-1920). At the time of his birth, his father had the rank of court adviser and served as senior doctor of the 137th Infantry Regiment of Nezhinsky , stationed in Ryazan . The mother of the future scientist, Elena Alekseevna, nee Lukina (1870 - c. 1922), was a hereditary noblewoman of the Ryazan province .

In 1903-1911 S.V. Kravkov studied at the 1st Ryazan gymnasium. Upon graduation, he entered the Imperial Moscow University , where he studied at the Faculty of History and Philology. Since 1912, S. V. Kravkov was a student of the Psychological Institute. L. G. Shchukina at Moscow University , since 1915 worked as an assistant in it. The beginning of his scientific activity is considered to be a speech at the annual meeting of the Psychological Institute with a report "Objective Psychology, its subject and significance." The ability of the young scientist was highly appreciated by the director of the Psychological Institute G.I. Chelpanov .

In 1916, S. V. Kravkov graduated from the university with a degree in experimental psychology with a first degree diploma and a gold medal. He was left at the university to prepare for a professorship in the department of experimental psychology.

Continuing to work at the Psychological Institute (until 1923), in 1920-1932. S.V. Kravkov was a senior assistant at the Institute of Biological Physics of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR , where he worked under the guidance of Academician P.P. Lazarev . During these years, he studied physical and mathematical sciences and began independent experimental work on the study of the physiology of vision. S.V. Kravkov led an active pedagogical activity in Moscow universities: in 1924-1929. He taught color science at the Higher Artistic and Technical Workshops ( VKHUTEMAS ) as an assistant professor, and since 1927 was an assistant professor in physiological optics at the lighting engineering department of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). In 1932, the scientist was approved as a professor of physiological optics at MPEI. In addition, since 1920 S.V. Kravkov has been teaching and research at a number of Moscow universities - the Military Pedagogical Academy, Moscow Institute of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov , State Academy of Arts (GAHN), All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI), etc.

In 1935, S.V. Kravkov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences in the specialty "Vision Psychophysiology" by the totality of published works. In 1935-1938, he served as professor of the Department of Physiology of the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov .

Since 1936, S. V. Kravkov led the physiological optics laboratory he created at the State Central Institute of Ophthalmology named after Helmholtz (now the Helmholtz Scientific Research Institute of GB ), which was later named after him. At the same time, the scientist led the laboratory of psychophysiology of sensations of the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences .

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. S.V. Kravkov worked in a neurosurgical hospital on problems of vision restoration. Since 1945, he was in charge of the physiological optics laboratory he created at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences . In 1946-1951, he served as professor of the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow State University .

S.V. Kravkov was the scientific secretary (1943), then deputy chairman (since 1946) of the Commission on physiological optics at the Biological Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences . He was also a member of the Commission on Lighting Engineering at the Department of Technical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1947-1951).

In 1946, S. V. Kravkov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences , and in the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences . In 1947, he was awarded the title of Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR .

On the initiative of Academician M. I. Averbakh , the production of a specialized periodical, “Problems of Physiological Optics,” began in 1941. In 1941-1951 S.V. Kravkov was his permanent editor.

Over the decades of scientific activity, S. V. Kravkov has authored over 100 scientific works, the main ones of which are “Self-observation” (1922), “Suggestion (psychology and pedagogy of suggestion)” (1924), “Essay on Psychology” (1925), “Eye and his work "(1932)," An Essay on the General Psychophysiology of the Sense "(1946)," Interaction of the Sense "(1948)," Color Vision "(1951). Together with N. A. Vishnevsky, he designed a special device for determining the normality of twilight vision, serially manufactured for the needs of the army during the Great Patriotic War. S.V. Kravkov brought up a galaxy of brilliant researchers, among whom L. A. Schwartz, V. I. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Bogoslovsky, V. K. Shevarev and other famous scientists.

S.V. Kravkov died in Moscow on March 16, 1951, was buried at Danilovsky cemetery.

The scientific activity of S.V. Kravkov lasted from 1916 to 1951. Four stages can be distinguished in it: the first period of early creativity (1916-1930), which took place in the difficult conditions of the post-revolutionary formation of Soviet psychology; the second period (1930-1941), associated mainly with research in the field of interaction of the senses; the third period (1941-1945) was mainly devoted to solving problems related to the defense of the country during the Great Patriotic War ; the fourth period (1945-1951) coincides with the work of a scientist at the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Sciences of the RSFSR , at the Central Ophthalmological Institute. Helmholtz also in the psychology sector of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , where S. V. Kravkov continued an in-depth study of the problem of the interaction of the senses and the problem of color vision.

During this time, S.V. Kravkov published more than 100 studies, many of which were translated in the UK , USA , France , Canada , Germany , China , Japan . The monograph by S. V. Kravkov “The Eye and His Work” is considered the best in the world literature summary work on the psychophysiology of vision. It became a classic, withstood four editions in the USSR , was translated in many foreign countries.

A wide range of scientific interests of S. V. Kravkov included: adaptation and interaction of sensory organs, contrast, sequential images, synesthesia, biopotentials of various levels of the visual system (retina, subcortex, cerebral cortex); the relationship between the macular and peripheral regions of the retina; the phenomenon of induction in the retina; electrophysiology of vision (electrical sensitivity, lability, electroretinogram); color vision and its anomalies; sensory conditioned reflexes; methods of diagnostic glaucoma (by color sensation and by the reaction of the blind spot) and much more.

S. V. Kravkov studied the laws of the functioning of the visual system, the central regulation of visual functions, the interaction of the senses, the electrophysiology of the visual analyzer, studied color vision and the hygiene of visual lighting.

Numerous experiments conducted by S.V. Kravkov, his students and employees, helped to find a functional relationship between color vision systems, between sensitivity to red and green colors, to establish antagonistic relations between them. The same functional relationship was found between sensitivity to yellow and blue. Between the green-sensitive and the blue-sensitive systems, a facilitative relationship was opened.

During the Great Patriotic War, the subject of research by S.V. Kravkov was connected with the practical needs of the army: with questions of improving the effectiveness of surveillance, improving camouflage, reconnaissance, developing methods to combat blindness of the eyes with spotlights, methods of combating snow blindness, sensitization of the senses.

Wife (since 1920) - Nina Pavlovna Kolosova (1894-1985), daughter of Archpriest Pavel Petrovich Kolosov (c. 1853-1923), Bishop of Elisavetgrad in 1921-1923. Pianist, teacher at the Moscow State Conservatory P.I. Tchaikovsky .

Son - Yuri Sergeyevich Kravkov (1921-2003), Major General of the Medical Service (1975), Head of the Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko in 1973-1983

By order of the Minister of Health of the RSFSR M.D. Kovrigina, No. 616 dated November 28, 1951, to the Department of Physiological Optics of the State Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases named after Helmholtz Ministry of Health of the RSFSR was named after S.V. Kravkov. Now the Laboratory of Clinical Physiology of Vision named after S. V. Kravkova is one of the structural divisions of the Research Institute of GB them. Helmholtz .

• 1914-1950 - st. Ostozhenka, 22/1
• 1950-1951 - Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya St., 13

In Russian

• Kravkov S.V. Modern objective trends in psychology and their significance / S.V. Kravkov // Bulletin of Knowledge. - 1916. - No. 10. - S. 572-578.
• Kravkov S.V. Modern objective trends in psychology and their significance / S.V. Kravkov // Bulletin of Knowledge. - 1916. - No. 11. - S. 626-633.
• Kravkov S.V. Reflection of I. Pavlov's goal and reflex as a creative act of S.I. Metalnikov / S.V. Kravkov // Psychological Review. - 1917. - Issue 1. - S. 153-160.
• Kravkov S.V. Methods of Psychology / S.V. Kravkov // Psychological Review. - 1918. - Issue 1. - S. 558-564.
• Kravkov S.V. Self-observation / S.V. Kravkov. - M.: Russian scribe, 1922. - 176 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Suggestion / S.V. Kravkov. - M .: Russian scribe, 1924 .-- 45 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Essay on Psychology / S.V. Kravkov. - M.: Russian scribe, 1925. - 182 p.
• Kravkov S.V. On the absorption of light in the yellow spot of a living eye / S.V. Kravkov // Applied Physics. - 1925. - T.2, issue 1-2. - S. 75-84.
• Kravkov S.V. Experimental Psychology and the Study of the Child / S.V. Kravkov. - M .: Spark of revolution, 1925. - 182 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Distribution of brightness in the spectrum and under dark adaptation in individuals with congenital complete color blindness / S.V. Kravkov // Applied Physics. - 1927. - T.4, issue. 2. - S. 89-94.
• Kravkov S.V. On adaptation of the eye to light stimuli / S.V. Kravkov // Applied Physics. - 1928. - T.5, issue. 2. - S. 100-115.
• Kravkov S.V. On the apparent difference in the colors of complementary and colors of sequential contrast / S.V. Kravkov // Applied Physics. - 1928. - T.5, add. issue - S. 115—124.
• Kravkov S.V. To the methodology for the study of night vision / S.V. Kravkov // Military Sanitary. - 1929. - No. 2. - S. 28-82.
• Kravkov S.V. Visual acuity of one eye depending on the illumination of the other / S.V. Kravkov // Applied Physics. - 1930. - T.7, no. 4. - S. 99-108.
• Kravkov S.V. Eye and his work / S.V. Kravkov. - 1st ed. - M .: Medicine, 1932 .-- 245 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Visual sensations and perception / S.V. Kravkov. - M .: State. social - econ. publishing house; L., 1935 .-- 270 s.
• Kravkov S.V. Artificial and natural lighting of industrial enterprises / S.V. Kravkov. - M .; L .: NTI, 1935. - 112s.
• Kravkov S.V. Influence of illumination of one eye on the light and electric sensitivity of the other / S.V. Kravkov, E.N. Semenovskaya, A.I. Bogoslovsky // Visual sensations and perceptions: collection. scientific tr - M .; L., 1935.- S. 167-177.
• Kravkov S.V. Eye and his work / S.V. Kravkov. - 2nd ed. - M .: Biomedgiz; L., 1936.- 354 p.
• Kravkov S.V. On the influence of side irritants of eye function / S.V. Kravkov // Visual sensations and perceptions: collection of articles. scientific tr - M .; L., 1936.- S. 86-92.
• Kravkov S.V. About the blinding actions of light / S.V. Kravkov // Visual sensations and perceptions: collection. scientific tr - M .; L., 1936.- S. 111-116.
• Kravkov S.V. To the analysis of the action of side irritants on vision / S.V. Kravkov // Problems of physiological optics. - 1944. - No. 2. - S. 78-80.
• Kravkov S.V. Eye and his work / S.V. Kravkov. - 3rd ed. - M .; Sverdlovsk, 1945 .- 355 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Essay on the general psychophysiology of sensory organs / S.V. Kravkov. - M.: AMS USSR; L., 1946 .-- 69 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Interaction of the sensory organs / S.V. Kravkov. - M .: AN USSR; L., 1948 .-- 128 s.
• Kravkov S.V. Eye and his work / S.V. Kravkov. - 4th ed. - M .: Medgiz; L., 1950 .-- 531 p.
• Kravkov S. V. Issues of physiology and pathology of vision / S. V. Kravkov. - M .: Medgiz, 1950 .-- 421 p.
• Kravkov S.V. Color vision / S.V. Kravkov. - M.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951. - 175 p.

In other languages ​​(English, German, French)

• Kravkov, SW Über die Helligkeits und Adaptationskurven der total Farbenblinden / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 118, issue 2, 25. Februar, 1927, pp. 285-29
• Kravkov SV Über die Richtung der Farbentransformation / Psychologische Forschung, 10 (1928), Pages: 20-31
• Kravkov SV, Paulsen-Bashmakova VA Über die kontrasterregende Wirkung der transformierten Farben / Psychologische Forschung, 12 (1929), Pages: 88-93
• Kravkov SW Über eine zentrale Beeinflussung der Sehschärfe / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 124, issue 1, 29. April 1930, pp. 76-86
• Kravkov, SW Über die Abhängigkeit der Sehschärfe vom Schallreiz / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 124, issue 2, May 1930. pp. 334—338
• Kravkov, SW Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit der Netzhautperipherie beim Dämmerungssehen / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 127, issue 1, 23. September 1931, pp. 86-99
• Kravkov SW Über die Beeinflussung der Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges durch Nebenreize / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 128, issue 1, 22. Februar 1932, pp. 105-111
• Kravkov, SW Über die Beeinflussung der Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges durch Nebenreize / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 129, issue 2, 24. November 1932, p. 298
• Kravkov SV Über ein Grundgesetz der Farbentransformation / Psychologische Forschung, 16 (1932), Pages: 160-165
• Kravkov SW Der Lichtirradiationseffekt im Auge in seiner Abhängigkeit von den Gesichts-, Gehörs- und Geruchsnebenreizen / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 129, issue 3, 21. Januar 1933, pp. 440–451
• Kravkov SW, Semenovskaja EN Steigerung der Lichtempfindlichkeit des Auges durch vorangehende Lichtreize / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 139, issue 4, 22. September 1933, pp. 513-526
• Kravkov SW Sehschärfe und Beleuchtung beim Unterscheiden weißer Objekte auf schwarzem Grunde / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 131, issue 3, 20. Dezember 1933, pp. 452–457
• Kravkov, SW, Semenovskaja EN Zur Frage der Abhängigkeit der Sehfunktion vom längeren Hungern / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 132, issue 4, 8. August 1934. pp. 370–371
• Kravkov, SW Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit eines Auges unter dem Einfluß vom Schall oder Beleuchtung des anderen Auges / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 132, issue 4, 8. August 1934, pp. 421-429
• Kravkov, SW, Belitzky GS Die Abhängigkeit des Lichtirradiationseffektes im Auge von der Lichtintensität, Kontrast und Nebenreizwirkung / Albrecht Von Græfes Archiv für Ophthalmologie, vol. 132, issue 4, 8. August, 1934, pp. 379–398
• Kravkov SV Changes of visual acuity in one eye under the influence of the illumination of the other or of acoustic stimuli / Journal for experimental psychology. Vol. 12, No 6, December 1934, Pages: 805-812
• Kravkov SV Action des excitations auditives sur la fréquence critique des papillotements lumineux / Acta Ophthalmologica, Volume 13, Issue 3-4, September 1935, Pages: 260—272
• Kravkov SV The influence of sound upon the light and color sensibility of the eye / Acta Ophthalmologica, Volume 14, Issue 3-4, June 1936, Pages: 348-360
• Kravkov SV Effect of indirect light stimulation as a function of the intensity of a direct stimulus / Acta Ophthalmologica, 1937, Volume 15, Issue 1, March 1937, Pages: 96-103
• Kravkov SV The influence of acoustic stimulation upon the color sensibility of a protanopic eye / Acta Ophthalmologica, Volume 15, Issue 3, October 1937, Pages: 337—342
• Kravkov SV The influence of the dark adaptation on the critical frequency of flicker for monochromatic lights / Acta Оphthalmologica, Volume 16, Issue 2-3, September 1938, Pages: 375–384
• Kravkov SV Illumination and visual acuity / Acta Ophthalmologic, Volume 16, Issue 2-3, September 1938, Pages: 385–395
• Kravkov SV The influence of the loudness of the indirect sound stimulus on the color sensitivity of the eye / Acta Ophthalmologica, Volume 17, Issue 3, October 1939, Pages: 324–331
• Kravkov SV The influence of odors upon color vision / Acta Ophtalmologica, Volume 17, Issue 4, December 1939, Pages: 426–442
• Kravkov SV The influence of caffeine on the color sensitivity / Acta Ophthalmologica, Volume 17, Issue 1, March 1939, Pages: 89-94
• Kravkov SV, Galochkina LP Effect of a constant current on vision / Journal of the Optical Society of America, Volume 37, Issue 3, 1947, Pages: 181-185
• Kravkov SV Das Farbensehen. [Übers. aus d. Russ. von P. Klemm] Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1955

• Ashrafyan I. B. Psychological and psychophysiological studies of S. V. Kravkova: author. dis .... Cand. psychol. Sciences / I. B. Ashrafyan. - M., 1973. - 26 p.
• Bunin A. Ya. Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov - life and scientific activity / A. Ya. Bunin, G.K. Gurtova, A.A. Yakovlev // Psychology Issues. - 1993. - No. 5. - S. 92-93.
• Kolen A. A. Professor Sergey V. Kravkov / A. A. Kolen // Questions of physiology and pathology of vision: collection of articles. - M .: Medgiz, 1950 .-- S. 5-8.
• Kotova I. B. S. V. Kravkov as a hesychologist and psychophysiologist / I. B. Kotova // Psychology Issues. - 1982. - No. 4. - S. 50-60.
• Lavrova L.N. S.V. Kravkov (1893-1951) / L.N. Lavrova // Scientific works of Ryaz. honey. Institute of them. Acad. I.P. Pavlova. - Ryazan, 1964 .-- T.18, issue 2. - S. 44-47.
• Mashkov V.V. Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov / V.V. Mashkov // Lighting Engineering. - 1961.- No. 3. - S. 16-18.
• Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov: (Obituary) / I. Averbakh [et al.] // Ophthalmol. journal - 1951. - No. 2. - S. 96.
• Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov // One Hundred Great Psychologists (compiled by V. Yarovitsky) - Moscow, Veche 2004 - P. 66-69
• Uzbekova D. G. Kravkov: two generations of scientists from Ryazan / D. G. Uzbekova - M.: Veche, 2014—352 p. ISBN 978-5-4444-1806-2
• Uzbekova D. G. S. V. Kravkov - an outstanding psychophysiologist / D. G. Uzbekova // Psychology Issues. - 1993 No. 5. - S.95-98.
• Yaroshevsky M. G. A few strokes to the portrait of S. V. Kravkov / M. G. Yaroshevsky // Questions of Psychology. - 1993. - No. 5. - S. 94-95.

• Zueva M.V. (2013). Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov - 120th Birth Anniversary
• Kotova, I. B. (1982). S. V. Kravkov as a psychologist and psychophysiologist // Questions of Psychology
• Uzbekova, D.G. (1993). S. V. Kravkov - an outstanding psychophysiologist // Questions of Psychology
• Bunin, A. Ya., Gurtova, G.K. and Yakovlev, A.A. (1993). Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov - life and scientific activity // Psychology Issues
• Yaroshevsky, M.G. (1993). A few touches to the portrait of S. V. Kravkov // Questions of Psychology, 1993'5 p.94
• Umryukhin (2002). The results of the century. S. V. Kravkov - outstanding achievements and unfulfilled hopes // Psychological Journal
• Kravkov Sergey Vasilievich (1893-1951) @ Moscow State University
• Profile of Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov on the official website of the RAS
• In memory of the famous dynasty
• In Ryazan, a memorial plaque was opened to outstanding doctors Kravkov
• A memorial plaque was opened in Ryazan to Vasily Pavlovich and Sergey Vasilievich Kravkov