Special settler

On January 30, 1930, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On measures to eliminate kulak farms in areas of continuous collectivization." ^[1] And on February 1, 1931, with the aim of giving this process a legal basis, the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution “On Granting the Regional (Oblast) Executive Committees and Governments of Autonomous Republics the Right to Evict Kulaks from the Areas of Continuous Collectivization of Agriculture” According to the Resolution of January 30, 1930 years, fists were divided into three categories:

1. the first category - the counter-revolutionary kulak asset immediately liquidated by imprisonment in concentration camps , not stopping in relation to the organizers of terrorist acts, counter-revolutionary actions and insurgent organizations before applying capital punishment;
2. the second category should comprise the remaining elements of the kulak asset, especially from the richest kulaks and semi-landlords who are subject to expulsion to remote areas of the USSR and within the given region to remote areas of the region;
3. the third category includes fists left within the district, which are subject to resettlement in new areas allocated to them outside the collective farms.

Unkempt peasants of the second category, as well as families of kulaks of the first category, were evicted to remote areas of the country for special settlement, or labor settlement (otherwise it was called “kulak exile” or “labor link”). In total for 1930 and 1931, as indicated in the certificate of the Department for Special Migrants of the Gulag of the OGPU "Information on the Evicted Kulaks in 1930-1931", 381026 families with a total number of 1803392 people were sent to the special settlement. The eviction of kulaks, albeit on a much smaller scale, continued in 1932-1933. Until 1934, peasants sent to “kulak exile” were called special migrants, in 1934-1944. - labor settlers, since 1944 - special settlers.

The sending of millions of people to special settlement (labor settlement) was the result of the state policy of special colonization, that is, the development of uninhabited and under-inhabited areas of the country through forced relocation. In the decision of the SNK of the RSFSR of August 18, 1930 "On measures for special colonization in the Northern and Siberian territories and the Ural region" it was specified ^[2] :

To entrust the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR with land and economic arrangements for special migrants and their families engaged in agriculture in the Northern and Siberian Territories and the Ural Region.

To entrust the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR, NKTorg and other economic bodies, in agreement with the NKZem and People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR, to carry out the installation of special resettlers used by industry and trades. Recognize that it is necessary during special colonization: a) to make maximum use of the labor force of special settlers in logging, fishing and other industries in remote, labor-intensive areas, and b) in agriculture to arrange only those special migrants whose labor force cannot be used for logging and crafts.

To entrust the NKZem of the RSFSR , together with the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR , NKTorg and with the relevant regional (regional) executive committees and by agreement with the NKVD of the RSFSR, to develop, in accordance with the instructions of clause 3 of this resolution, specific economic measures for the use of special resettlers

The mortality of special migrants during transportation and in the first years of life was quite high. In May 1933, the head of the Gulag of the OGPU M. Berman in a report addressed to the deputy. Chairman of the OGPU G. G. Yagoda :

Despite your repeated instructions from the OGPU SKK PP about the order of acquisition and organization of trains sent to OGPU camps and labor villages, the condition of the new arrivals is completely unsuccessful. In all echelons arriving from the North Caucasus, an exceptionally high mortality and morbidity was noted, mainly for typhus and acute gastric diseases.

According to the beginning. Siblag OGPU, from the composition arrived from the North. Caucasus to Novosibirsk echelons of labor settlers No. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 with a total number of 10185 people died in transit 341 people, that is 3.3%, including a significant amount from exhaustion. Such a high mortality rate is due to:

1) a criminally negligent attitude towards the selection of contingents evicted to labor settlements, the result of which was the inclusion in the stages of patients, the elderly, who obviously could not withstand the lengthy transportation due to health reasons;

2) failure to comply with the instructions of the legislative bodies on the allocation of a 2-month supply of food to the evicted in labor settlements; in the indicated echelons, the settlers did not have any food supplies of their own and during the journey were supplied only with bread, of poor quality, in an amount of 200 to 400 grams;

3) the trains were not supplied with hot food, they were supplied with boiling water completely unsatisfactorily, with great interruptions, the consumption of raw water caused mass diseases ...

In the report of M. Berman dated June 8, 1933 in the name of G. G. Yagoda, the following unfavorable, in his opinion, moments were noted in the acquisition and organization of trains with evicted fists: high mortality and incidence of typhus, acute stomach diseases and even smallpox; a lot of exhausted, old people who cannot be completely used; total lice; complete neglect of accounting (lack of personal files, decisions on eviction, distortion of surnames, incompleteness of accounting data, etc.); even sending people who are not subject to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for b775 / 146c of April 20, 1933 ; after the trains arrive at their destination, it sometimes turns out, M. Berman noted that among the evicted there are workers, Komsomol members, and foreigners. ^[3]

In a particularly difficult situation were children. In a memorandum of the Ural regional health department in the People's Commissariat for Health on February 10, 1932 , there was a huge infant mortality rate among special settlers. “So, at the K plant in Perm in the two months of August - September, about 30% of all children died, 87 were born in the N. Lyalinsky district in a year, 347 died, 32 were born in the Garinsky district in 2 months, and died 73 and all this mortality is overwhelmingly at the expense of children. ” ^[4]

For the years 1932-1940. 489822 kulaks arrived at the settlement, which together with 1803392 were deported in 1930 - 1931 . amounted to 2293214 special settlers. However, not all of them were fists. So, on October 1, 1941, 936547 labor settlers were registered. Of these, 871851 people (93.1%) were former kulaks, and the remaining 64696 (6.9%) were the following: evicted by court order for the disruption and sabotage of grain procurement and other campaigns; urban declassified element, evicted (mainly in 1933) according to the decrees of the “troika” of the OGPU for refusing to leave the 101st kilometer from Moscow, Leningrad and other security centers in connection with passportization ; evicted (mainly in 1935-1937) according to the decisions of the NKVD bodies from the border zones; convicted (mainly in 1932-1933) by the organs of the OGPU and the courts for a term of 3 to 5 years (except for “especially socially dangerous”) with the replacement of serving the sentence in places of deprivation of liberty with a residence permit in special villages (labor settlements). All these persons were included in the NKVD documents into the contingent of “former fists” ^[3] .

For the first time, the term “special settlements” appeared in the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR No. 36 of December 16, 1930, “On the Labor Organization of Kulak Families Sent to Remote Areas, and on the Procedure for Organization and Management of Special Villages”. It formulates the main provisions on the procedure for the construction and management of special settlements. The decision noted that all "kulak families" who had been dispossessed and evicted to remote areas (the second category of dispossessed) in accordance with the decree of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on measures to strengthen the socialist reorganization of agriculture in areas of continuous collectivization and to combat the kulaks are expelled in special villages. Special villages are organized in areas where there is a shortage of labor for logging, in the development of mineral resources, for fisheries, etc., as well as for the development of unused land. Special villages could not be formed closer than 200 kilometers from the border strip, near railways, cities, workers' settlements and large villages, as well as factories and plants, collective farms, state farms and MTS. Deviation from this rule was allowed in exceptional cases at the proposal of the NKVD and with the permission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR . ^[five]

Until July 1931 , the regional and regional executive committees were in charge of resettlement, employment and other issues related to special migrants. And only by the decree of the Council of People 's Commissars of the USSR of July 1, 1931 "On the device of special migrants" their administrative management, economic structure and use were entrusted to the OGPU. Special (labor) settlements of the Gulag for the deported kulaks were organized according to the decrees of the Council of People 's Commissars of the USSR of August 16, 1931 No. 174с, of April 20, 1933 No. 775 / 146с and of August 21, 1933 No. 1796 / 393с. According to these decisions, the Gulag was given responsibility for supervision, organization, household services and labor use of evicted kulaks. ^[3]

Management of special settlements was carried out by the appointed commandants of the village. In his activities, the commandant of the special settlement was subordinate to the regional, regional administrative department and the chairman of the district executive committee, and since 1931 - to the commandant of the district special commandant’s office. The commandant consisted of technical personnel determined by the regional administrative department. The hiring of technical personnel was appointed in agreement with the bodies of the OGPU. The commandant appointed to help the performers from among the special settlers in the amount of not more than 1 person in 10 yards. Special villages were part of the districts as special administrative units. The right to travel of special migrants and their families was limited. They could leave the territory of the village only with the permission of the commandant. To ensure order and safety in the village, the commandant consisted of policemen in an amount of 1 to 4 people, at the rate of 1 police officer for 50 families of special settlers. The commandant of the special settlement was granted the rights of the district administrative department and village council. The rights and obligations of the commandant were determined by the instruction of the NKVD of the RSFSR in agreement with the OGPU.

Violation by the internally displaced persons of the rules of the internal routine in the villages, failure to fulfill orders or work and planned tasks, as well as committing minor domestic crimes entailed an administrative penalty in the form of a fine of up to 100 rubles. or arrest up to 30 days, imposed by the commandant of the village with the approval of the head of the district administrative department. Escape from a special village or refusal to work, committed more than three times or by a group, was accompanied by a transfer to a forced labor camp. For the commission of crimes stipulated by the articles of the Criminal Code (for the exceptions specified in article 19), the special migrants were sent to forced labor camps according to the regulations of the OGPU. ^[five]

Special settlers resettled in 1930-1931 were exempted from all taxes and duties until January 1, 1934. For some labor settlers, this exemption was extended until January 1, 1935. Since 1934, most of them have been taxed with all taxes and duties. the same grounds as other citizens. In terms of wages and other working conditions, they were equated to all workers and employees, except that they were not accepted into the union and 5% of the salary was kept for the maintenance of the apparatus of the GULAG Labor Settlements Department and the administrative maintenance of labor settlements (until August 1931, these deductions amounted to 25%, until February 1932 - 15%).

According to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of December 15, 1935 “On schools in labor settlements”, children of labor settlers who graduated from incomplete secondary school were allowed to admit on a general basis both to technical schools and other special secondary educational institutions, and those who graduated from high school - admit on a general basis to higher education institutions.

In the initial period, all the evicted fists were deprived of suffrage. Since 1933, children who have reached the age of majority began to be restored in these rights. The decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of March 17, 1933, “On the Procedure for Restoring Fist Children’s Electoral Rights,” stated: “Children of deported fists, both in places of exile and outside it, and who have reached the age of majority, shall be restored in voting rights by district executive committees by their place of residence, provided that they are engaged in socially useful work and work in good faith. ” As for adults, their restoration of suffrage before 1935 was carried out strictly on an individual basis after the expiration, as a rule, of a 5-year period from the moment of eviction and the presence of positive characteristics about behavior and work. The first experience in the release of special immigrants - production leaders was made in 1932. The practice of restoring special immigrants in voting rights was legislatively enshrined in a special resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of May 27, 1934. Moreover, most of the released special immigrants, despite the propaganda work carried out with them, left the places of settlements . By a resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of January 25, 1935, all former fists were restored to suffrage on an equal basis with other citizens of the USSR. However, this did not give them the right to leave their place of residence.

On October 2, 1938, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was issued on the issuance of passports to children of special settlers and exiles. According to this decree, the children of labor settlers, if they were not personally discredited, upon reaching the age of 16, were not put on a personal record of the Department of Labor Settlements of the GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR, received passports on a common basis and could leave the labor villages. In 1939, according to this decree, 1824 labor settlers were released, in 1940 - 77661. In addition, in 1939-1940. 18451 people were released to study, transferred to dependents - 2721, and 1540 labor settlers were released as “incorrectly deported”. In 1938-1941 according to the decisions of local authorities, some former fists restored to suffrage before 1935 were allowed to leave the labor villages and go to their chosen places of residence. In addition, on June 3, 1939, a decree of the NKVD of the USSR “On the Liberation of Disabled Labor Settlers” was issued.

World War II period

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, the flow of applications for release from the labor link was greatly reduced, and from some previously released labor settlers applications began to come with a request to be allowed to return to the labor village and again to register the labor settlements. This was due to the fact that the status of the settler saved from military service and sending to the front. So, in the decree of the Main Directorate of the Red Army of February 27, 1940 "On the procedure for registration for recruiting areas of labor-settlement youth," it was prescribed that "recruits from the number of labor-settlement youth, registered with the local authorities of the OTP GULAG NKVD, should not be assigned to conscription areas, they should not be registered and not to be called up to the Red Army and Navy, "while" draft youth liberated from labor villages must be registered with the draft stations and drafted into the army, and enlisted in personnel troops by special order of the USSR NPO. " However, there was a limited recruitment of labor settlers into the Red Army. For example, from the beginning of the war until October 15, 1941, 3,218 labor settlers were called up to the Red Army, of which 301 to personnel units and 2,917 to special construction battalions. On April 11, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted Decree No. 1575ss, according to which, from April 15 to May 15, 1942, “35,000 people should be called up to the Red Army through careful selection of children of migrants and migrants of military age.” Вместе с другими категориями призываемых с 15 апреля 1942 г. в армию, этих трудпоселенцев надлежало использовать «на укомплектование запасных частей для подготовки маршевых пополнений и на доукомплектование выводимых с фронта стрелковых дивизий, а также на формирование танковых и других специальных частей». В июне 1942 г. по специальному постановлению ГКО план мобилизации трудпоселенцев в Красную Армию был увеличен до 50 тыс. человек. К 1 ноября 1942 г. мобилизация трудпоселенцев в Красную Армию была завершена. Всего с начала войны было призвано в армию 60747 трудпоселенцев (из них 57324 — после 1 января 1942 г.).

С 1 сентября 1944 г. со спецпереселенцев контингента «бывшие кулаки» было прекращено удержание 5 % от заработной платы на расходы по их административному управлению и надзору. Это было сделано на основании постановления СНК СССР № 1147-340с от 24 августа 1944 г. «Об отмене процентных отчислений с заработков спецпереселенцев, установленных постановлением Совнаркома СССР от 1 июля 1931 г. № 130сс». Отныне все налоги с их доходов стали взиматься как и с полноправных граждан. ^[3]

С началом второй мировой войны «кулацкий» контингент спецпоселков стал разбавляться другими категориями репрессированных. 17 августа 1939 года советские войска заняли восточную часть Польши, в приграничных районах которой жили так называемые осадники — бывшие военные, получившие землю — осаду на границе. Почти все эти люди принимали участие в Советско-польской войне 1920 года, а потому расценивались сотрудниками НКВД как потенциальные враги. В связи с этим 29 декабря 1939 года СНК СССР утвердил «Положение о спецпоселении и трудовом устройстве осадников, выселяемых из западных областей УССР и БССР» (так советское правительство называло восточные районы Польши). Переселение началось 1 февраля 1940 года, и ко 2 апреля 1940 года было выселено 139 596 человек. ^{[6] [7] [8]} В годы Великой Отечественной войны система спецпоселений ГУЛАГа пополнилась переселенцами, репрессированными по национальному признаку. А после её окончания новой категорией спецпоселенцев — «власовцами». На 1 июля 1950 г. в системе спецпоселений МГБ СССР помимо спецпоселенцев категории «бывших кулаков» находились следующие категории: поляки — 56 000; немцы — 949 829; калмыки — 91919; чеченцы, ингуши, карачаевцы , балкары — 608 799; крымские татары , греки, армяне, болгары — 228 392; турки, курды, хамшилы — 94 955 ^[9] ; «фолкс дейч» — 5 914; «оуновцы» — 100 310; «власовцы» −148 079; «указники» — 42 690; грузинские турки, греки и дашнаки — 57 670; иранцы — 4 776 человек. К этому времени на учёте спецпоселений состояло 667 589 семей в количестве 2 562 955 человек. В их числе было: мужчин — 776 989, женщин — 929 476, детей — 856 490 человек. ^[five]

Общее число выселенных к 1945 году превысило 5 миллионов человек.

В 1948 году народы, выселенные под предлогом сотрудничества с гитлеровцами, были объявлены «поселёнными навечно», вводился срок наказания за побег — 20 лет.

Конец спецпоселений

Массовое освобождение бывших кулаков, остававшихся к этому времени на спецпоселении началось после окончания войны. Так, на 1 апреля 1947 года их состояло на учёте 481186, на 1 января 1948 г. — 210556, на 1 июля 1949 г. — 124585, а на 1 июля 1952 г. — 28009 человек. ^[3] Система спецпоселений как особый тип режимной жизни спецпереселенцев существовала до 1954 года . Конец ГУЛАГовской системе спецпоселений для «бывших кулаков», существовавшей четверть века,13 августа 1954 года положило постановление Совета Министров СССР № 1738/789сс «О снятии ограничений по спецпереселению с бывших кулаков и других лиц». Этим постановлением снимались ограничения по спецпереселению:

• с «бывших кулаков», выселенных в 1929—1933 гг. из районов сплошной коллективизации;
• с немцев — местных жителей Дальнего Востока , Сибири , Урала , Средней Азии , Казахстана и других мест, откуда выселение немцев производилось;
• с немцев, мобилизованных в период Великой Отечественной войны для работы в промышленности, которые выселению не подвергались. ^[five]

Режим спецпоселения стал смягчаться в 1954 году и был снят в 1956-м ( Оттепель ).

Несколько народов ( крымские татары , немцы и др.) не получили возможности возвращения.

Крымские татары вернулись в Крым явочным порядком в 1989—1990 годах в перестройку , возвращение немцев на территорию бывшей республики немцев Поволжья , на Украину (Schwarzmeerdeutsche) и другие места их довоенного проживания так и не состоялось.

Спецпереселенцы приняли активное участие в строительстве Беломорско-Балтийского канала , вспомогательных объектов, в его эксплуатации, строительстве новых поселков и городов. Они составляли основную производительную силу Беломорско-Балтийского комбината НКВД . На строительстве канала вследствие каторжного ручного труда, а также холода, голода, эпидемий погибли тысячи спецпереселенцев. Спецпереселенец Мурманского округа Копольцев говорил: «Балтийский канал сделан руками кулаков, где они и погибли. Пароходы ходят не по воде, а по человеческой крови. А мы-то работаем в Хибиногорске за 800 грамм хлеба». ^[five]

Кузбасс

Начиная с 1930-х годов в Кузбасс стали направлять так называемых спецпереселенцев — «раскулаченных крестьян», «врагов народа», «вредителей» и т. д. За период первой пятилетки (до 1932 года) в Кузбасс было направлено 61 тыс. спецпереселенцев. Большинство из них оказалось на шахтах, рудниках, стройках и металлургических заводах. Спецпереселенцы были практически бесправны в трудовом отношении. Они работали под надзором местных органов НКВД . Нормы выработки для них были гораздо выше, а условия труда сложнее и тяжелее, чем у вольнонаемных рабочих. В результате спецпереселенцы трудились по 12 и более часов в сутки. Трудиться обязаны были даже беременные женщины и подростки. Если в 1928 году среди шахтеров Кузбасса доля женщин составляла 3,2 %, то в 1936 году — 21,2 %. Жили спецпереселенцы в малоприспособленных помещениях, часто просто в землянках и шалашах .

После депортации августе 1941 года советских немцев Поволжья в Новосибирскую область, в состав которой входил Кузбасс, в течение 1941 года было направлено более 124 тыс. советских немцев. По данным на 1942 год на шахтах Кузбасса работало около 9 тыс. немцев. Вся деятельность мобилизованных советских немцев регламентировалась специальной инструкцией, разработанной Наркоматом угольной промышленности и согласованной с руководством НКВД, по использованию их на предприятиях Наркомугля. Трудомобилизованные советские немцы распределялись по трестам, где из них формировались шахтовые отряды, участковые колонны, сменные отделения и бригады. Каждый отряд возглавлялся сотрудником НКВД или представителем начсостава Красной армии. Инструкция не допускала возможности общения мобилизованных советских немцев с местным населением. Мобилизованные советские немцы не владели навыками шахтерского труда, поэтому на наиболее сложных работах допускалось использование квалифицированных вольнонаемных рабочих: машинистов врубмашин, посадчиков лав, запальщиков. Не допускались мобилизованные советские немцы на работы, связанные с использованием взрывных веществ, поэтому здесь применялся труд только вольнонаемных рабочих. ^[ten]

Урал

Главным районом ссылки для «кулаков» стал Урал , как нарождающаяся промышленная база СССР. К февралю 1932 года здесь насчитывалось около 500 тыс. спецпереселенцев, которые были «закреплены» за леспромхозами , предприятиями разных отраслей промышленности:

• Уралугля — 47666
• Магнитостроя — 40 тыс.
• Востокоруды — 26 845
• предприятий цветной металлургии — 18 341
• Уралстройматериала — 16 145
• Востокостали — 16 тыс.
• Союзрыбы—15172
• Уралторфа — 8517
• Уралстройиндустрии— 7515
• Пермьтранслеса — 7221
• Уралталька — 3764
• Уралмашстроя — 3604
• Химстроя — 2773
• Уралсоли — 2336
• в лесной промышленности — 27 415 и т. д.

Кроме того, 17 634 человека были использованы в сельхозколонизации. ^[four]

• 101-й километр
• Депортации народов в СССР
• ГУЛАГ
• Ссылка (наказание)

• The Thaw Generation. 1990 ed. U.S. ISBN 0-8229-5911-9 and ISBN 978-0-8229-5911-3 . Second Edition - M., 2006.
• Lynn Viola Peasant Gulag. The world of Stalin's special settlements = The Unknown GULAG. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements. / Translation byElena Osokina. -ROSSPEN, 2010 .-- 336 p. - (History of Stalinism) -ISBN 978-5-8243-1460-1
• SUMMARY: New Russian literature on the history of Stalinist repressions

• G.Sh. Yakhina. "Zuleikha opens her eyes." M .: AST, 2015

• Materials about Special Settlers at the Gulag Virtual Museum
• Special settler without the right to leave
• Soviet serfdom, or Status - special settler
• Victims of political terror. Database
• Documents of the State Archive of socio-political movements and formations of the Arkhangelsk region on the reception and resettlement of dispossessed in the Northern Territory. 1930 year
• Ignatova "The use of labor of special settlers -" former kulaks "in the forest industry and other sectors in the mid-1930s-1950s." Komi ASSR
• Dispossession and use of labor of special settlers in the Urals
• Shashkov “Fists” worked well in the forest and fought bravely ”Pravda Severa newspaper
• Matveev "Spetsposelok" Kirov region
• “Magnetic storms of our Fatherland” From the book of memoirs of special settlers collected by the Khibiny memorial
• Memoirs V. Peplova Kirov region
• Chronograph. Issue No. 2. Special resettlers documentary
• Baba Grunya . Video recording of Kalinina Agrafena Ivanovna's memoirs
• Yuri Demin "Special settlers"
• Krasilnikov S. A. "Sickle and Moloch. Peasant exile in Western Siberia in the 1930s . ” ROSSPEN Publishing House, 344 pp. 2009 ISBN 978-5-8243-1102-0