Roshtkala district

Roshtkala district is located in the picturesque Shahdara gorge , along the bed of the Shahdara river. It starts in Gunt and ends in Dzhavshangoz. It borders on the Shugnan region in the north, on the Ishkashim region in the west and south, and on the Murghab region in the east. In the north-eastern part of the district, the second highest lake in Tajikistan is located - Turumtaikul .

The population is estimated at January 1, 2015 is 25,700 people (100% is rural). ^[one]

Roshtkala district was historically part of Shugnan ( Shugn. Xuɣ̌nůn ) - one of the historical regions of the Pamirs , part of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region .

The first inhabitants on the territory of the Pamirs appeared already in the Stone Age. At the end of the Bronze Age, the Pamirs settled at first proto-Indian tribes, and then the ancient Iranians, with the languages ​​and beliefs of these newcomers superimposed on the local non-Indo-European substrate languages. As a result, a group of Eastern Iranian languages ​​was formed in the Pamirs.

In VII-II centuries. BC er The Pamirs were inhabited by tribes known in written sources as Sakas . The toponym “ Shugnan ”, literally meaning “the land of Sakas ”, is associated with their name.

The territory of modern Shugnan was part of the Achaemenid Empire (6th-4th centuries BC).

In the III — II centuries. BC er the population of Shugnan was dependent on the Greco-Bactrian kingdom , in the I-III centuries. n er - from the Kushan kingdom , in the IV — VI centuries. —- from Eftalit state . Following the defeat of Ephtalits from the Western Turkic Kaganate in the VI. Shugnan nominally submits to the Turkic rulers.

In the second half of VII century. Shugnan turns out to be in nominal dependence on the Chinese Tang Empire. In the VII — VIII centuries. The name Shugnan is recorded in Chinese sources as Shijin , Shitsini , Shani , Shini , Shikini .

In the last decades of the eighth century. Shugnan submits to the Muslim Arabs, in the IX. was dependent on the Tahirids , in the tenth century. part of the Samanid state, in the XI — XII centuries. It was included in the composition of the Ghaznavid states, and then the Ghurids , but even then Shugnan’s dependence on the central authorities was nominal. In Arabic and Persian essays VIII — XII, the name of the region is recorded as Shuknan , Shikinan , Shaknan .

In the thirteenth century Shugnan, like all Tajik lands, came under the rule of the Mongolian conquerors , and in the XIV-XV centuries. - Timurid rulers . At the beginning of the XVI century. Shugnan as part of Badakhshan is part of the Mughal empire , by the end of this century it becomes part of the Sheibanid state , which in 1599 was replaced by Ashtarkhanids . In the years 1691-1692. The Ashtarkhanids conquered Badakhshan , and with it the Shugnan . In the middle of the XVIII century. Shugnan was the center of resistance by the rulers of Badakhshan . Thus, in 1748, the combined forces of Shugnan and Darvaz in the battle at Lake Shiva managed to defeat the troops of the Emir Badakhshan Sultan Shah.

In the XVIII century. Shugnan , Rushan , who was in vassal dependence on him, and Vakhan led a constant struggle against political dependence on Badakhshan and Darvaz . The rulers of Shugnan with Rushan and the rulers of Vakhan were vassals of the shahs of Darvaz and paid tribute to them.

At the end of the XVIII century. the rulers of the Afghan Durrani Empire make the first attempt to conquer Badakhshan .

In the XIX century. Shugnan historical region included the Shugnan army , which included vassal Rushan , as well as small feudal state formations - Shahdara and Gunt in the valleys of the rivers of the same name, that is, the territories of modern Rushan , Shugnan and Roshtkala districts of Tajikistan , and Shugnan district of the Afghan province of Badakhshan .

The capital of the Shugnan shahstvo was the settlement of Bar-Panj-Kala with the same name fortress, located on the left bank of the Pyanj .

At present, the three territories of the historic Shugnan region are divided into two parts: the right-bank Shugnan belongs to Tajikistan , and the left-bank one - to Afghanistan .

According to the Russian-English treaty of February 2 ( March 11 ), 1895 , the Right-Bank Shugnan was transferred to Bukhara instead of a part of Darvaz lying on the left bank of the Pyanj (Amu-Darya).

The Shugnan camp of the Bukhara Emirate occupied the south-western outskirts of the Pamirs and was located in the basin of the Gunt River and the left tributary of its Shahdara River.

Roshtkala district was originally formed in 1936 and consisted of two village councils: Verkhne-Roshtkala and Nizhne-Roshtkala . Subsequently, the district was subdivided into 4 village councils: Sezhd , Roshtklinsky , Tavdemsky and Khidordzhevsky , which united 47 villages. Gradually the number of villages grew and two more village councils were formed: Tusyansky and Oktyabrsky . In 1963 Roshtkala district was liquidated, and its territory was included in the Shugnan district . In 1992, Roshtkala district was restored to its former borders.

Roshtkala district includes 7 rural taj communities . Samoat ^[2] :

The head of Roshtkala district is the Chairman of the Khukumat, who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan . The head of the government of Roshtkala district is the Chairman of the Khukumat. The legislative body of Roshtkala district - Majlis of people's deputies is elected publicly for 5 years.

• Languages ​​and ethnography "Roof of the World". St. Petersburg: "Petersburg Orientalism", 2005. - 112 p.
• Kalandarov T.S. Shugnans (historical and ethnographic research). Institute of Ethnology RAS. - M., 2004. - 478 p.
• Postnikov A.V. Skirmish on the "Roof of the World": politicians, intelligence officers and geographers in the struggle for the Pamirs in the XIX century. M .: Monuments of historical thought, 2001. 416 pp., 8 p. kart. ISBN 5-88451-100-0