Common flax flax ( Latin: Linaria vulgaris ) is a herbaceous perennial plant , a species of the genus Flax flax ; Now this genus is usually referred to the Plantaginaceae family, but was previously placed in the Scrophulariaceae or Veronicaceae families [2] .
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Linaria vulgaris Mill. , 1768 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Popular names of the plant: wild flax , gill , dogs , chistik .
Content
- 1 Botanical Description
- 2 Distribution
- 3 Ecology
- 4 Chemical composition
- 5 Genome Features
- 6 Economic value and application
- 6.1 Medical use
- 7 notes
- 8 Literature
Botanical Description
The root is rod or with long creeping shoots .
Stem 30-60 (90) cm tall, erect, simple or branched, densely leafy.
Leaves are linear-lanceolate or linear, pointed, with one, less often three veins , wrapped around the edges, bare, 2-5 (7) cm long and 2-4 (5) mm wide, upper linear.
The flowers are collected in thick long apical brushes , 5-15 cm long. Axis, pedicels and, less commonly, calyx are covered with glandular hairs, very rarely almost hairless. Pedicels 2-8 mm long, bracts lanceolate, exceeding pedicels or equal to them. Calyx with lanceolate lobes, finely pointed, mostly bare or with sparse hairs on the outside, bare inside, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide. Corolla yellow, with a bright orange bulge on the lower lip, 15-18 mm long (without spurs), the upper lip is significantly larger than the lower, with a notch 2.5-3 mm deep, lower lip with rounded lobes, 5 mm wide, medium more narrow, spur broadly conical, curved, 12-15 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide at the base, bright yellow. It blooms in June and August. Flower formula : [3] .
The box is oblong-elliptic, 9–11 mm long and 6–7 mm wide, contains numerous small, disc-shaped, with a wide membranous margin, tuberous seeds in the center.
From left to right: leaves, inflorescence, flowers | ||||||||||
Distribution
Common flax - an ordinary plant of steam fields, gardens and orchards.
Europe : Denmark , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Sweden , United Kingdom , Austria , Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Germany , Hungary , Netherlands , Poland , Switzerland , Albania , Bulgaria , Yugoslavia , Greece , Italy , Romania , France (including Corsica ), Spain ; territory of the former USSR : Belarus , Moldova , the European part of Russia , Ukraine , Western and Eastern Siberia , the Far East ; Asia : Turkey , China . It occurs as alien in other temperate regions of the globe [4] .
Ecology
Since the flower is significantly covered by the lower lip, its pollination requires the help of large insects , such as bees and bumblebees .
The plant is the food for most butterflies , such as the moth Acronicta euphorbiae , Amphipyra tragopoginis , metal gamma ( Autographa gamma ), Calophasia lunula , Charidryas gorgone carlota , Eupithecia linariata , Eupithecia satyrata , Pearl marmoset , Paleoceria biaenidae , and Palia birinae bipunctidactyla ).
Chemical Composition
Flax grass contains tannins , peganin alkaloid , flavone glycosides , organic acids - malic , acetic , formic , pectins , saponins , vitamin C and minerals .
Genome Features
In 2012 [5] , a group of researchers from St. Petersburg University in the genome of common flax found the T-DNA sequence of the bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes , which is another example of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and higher plants, along with several types of tobacco [6] and sweet potato [ 7] . Thus, common flax flax is a natural transgenic plant.
Economic Significance and Application
Flaxseed is a common weed, however it is sometimes grown for cutting into bouquets .
Fresh grass is an insecticide [8] .
The flowers contain a coloring pigment antochlor, give a yellow color [8] .
The plant is poisonous to horses [8] .
Medical Use
Flax in the scientific medicine of our country is not used and has not been fully investigated. Professor M. D. Rossiysky tested the liquid extract on patients with intestinal atony , bloating, prolonged constipation and concluded that the extract acts as a mild laxative without side effects. He was allocated a peganin drug similar to an extract of action, in addition, it turned out to be a good remedy for muscle lethargy, muscle dystrophy and myopathy .
In Germany, doctors prescribed an aqueous extract of flax for jaundice of various origins, inflammation of the bladder , constipation, lethargy, and hemorrhoids . In small quantities, flax flax is used for headaches with vomiting ( Meniere's syndrome ), and for bedwetting.
Consider [ who? ] that flaxseed preparations increase strength, reduce the rhythm of heart contractions, increase blood pressure , blood flow velocity, increase diuresis . Tincture is recommended for chronic constipation, flatulence , liver and gall bladder diseases , edema of cardiac and renal origin, menstrual irregularities . It is also known that the preparations of this plant increase potency , act as an antitumor and anthelmintic agent.
Widely and long since used flax in folk medicine. It is useful for dropsy , with constipation, jaundice, scrofula , as a laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic and choleretic. Flax infusion improves the functioning of the stomach and especially the intestines, removes gases during flatulence, reduces and stops inflammatory processes ( infiltrates decrease and resolve). Flax preparations, tea, infusions are used for headaches, for shortness of breath , as a good expectorant for coughing , as an antidote for poisoning , for diseases of the bladder and bedwetting, especially in children. Outwardly gargle with angina , do baths with conjunctivitis . The ointment is rubbed into the head for fast hair growth, as well as in the treatment of eczema and psoriasis .
Flax flax grass is best harvested during flowering - that is, during almost the entire summer. Cut grass should certainly in dry sunny weather. Since a fresh plant has an unpleasant odor, it is recommended to dry it in the open air and always in the shade. The shelf life of the harvested raw materials is one to two years.
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ According to the GRIN website (see the Links section).
- ↑ Barabanov E.I. Botany: a textbook for students of higher education institutions. - M: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006. - S. 337. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-7695-2656-4 .
- ↑ According to GRIN . See plant card
- ↑ Matveeva TV et al. Horizontal Gene Transfer from Genus Agrobacterium to the Plant Linaria in Nature // Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. - 2012. - Vol. 25, No. 12 . - P. 1542-1551. - ISSN 0894-0282 . - DOI : 10.1094 / MPMI-07-12-0169-R .
- ↑ An Agrobacterium transformation in the evolution of the genus Nicotiana
- ↑ The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gubanov I.A. et al. Wild useful plants of the USSR / ed. ed. T.A. Rabotnov . - M .: Thought , 1976 .-- S. 300 .-- 360 p. - ( Reference guides to the geographer and traveler ).
Literature
- Nikiforov Yu. V. Altai herbs-healers. - Gorno-Altaisk: Yuch-Sumer - Belukha, 1992.
- Kupriyanova L. A. Rod 1328. Flax - Linaria // Flora of the USSR : 30 tons / started at hand. and under chap. ed. V. L. Komarova . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1955. - T. 22 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin , E.G. Bobrov . - S. 201-202. - 861 s. - 3000 copies.
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 1148. Linaria vulgaris Mill. - Common flax // Illustrated identifier of plants of Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2004. - T. 3. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 181. - ISBN 5-87317-163-7 .
- Matveeva TV, Bogomaz DI, Pavlova OA, Nester EW, Lutova LA. Horizontal gene transfer from genus agrobacterium to the plant linaria in nature // Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2012 Dec; 25 (12): 1542-51. doi: 10.1094 / MPMI-07-12-0169-R.