Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after N. A. Alekseev

Background

At the end of the XIX century in Moscow there was only one psychiatric hospital - Preobrazhenskaya . She was not enough to provide the necessary assistance to all those in need. Doctors Sergei Korsakov and Viktor Butsk turned to the mayor Nikolai Alekseev with a request to build another psychiatric hospital. Alekseev began to seek financing among private individuals ^{[4] [5]} .

Initially, the construction of a new hospital was not planned; they were only going to attach the building to Preobrazhenskaya. March 14, 1889, given the significant amount of funds raised, at a meeting of the City Council, Alekseev proposed building a new psychiatric hospital with 300 beds ^[4] .

If you looked at these sufferers, deprived of their minds, many of whom are sitting on chains waiting for our help, you would not discuss some projected censuses, but you would directly get down to business. To do this, you need to immediately find a room and heat it today, fill it with beds tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow with patients ... Do you have no beds? I will give you city bunks for a while. Do you have any underwear? I will give you spare urban underwear. I will do everything so that the shelter opens no more than ten days later.

- from a speech by Nikolai Alekseev at a meeting of the City Duma ^[6]

January 25, 1889 Tikhon Ilyich Nazarov made the first amount of 25 thousand rubles, soon increasing the donation to 50 thousand . Merchant Ivan Denisovich Baev Sr. and his wife Anna donated 200 thousand rubles, industrialist Timofey Morozov - 100 thousand. Patrons provided assistance not only with money, but also with materials and labor. By the end of 1889, the amount of donations exceeded 500 thousand rubles ^[4] . According to legend, one of the merchants told Alekseev: “Bow down at everyone’s feet - I’ll give a million to the hospital,” the mayor bowed and received money ^{[7] [8]} . On the territory of the hospital there is a memorial with carved surnames of all patrons ^[9] .

On October 9, 1890, the merchant Flor Ermakov donated 300 thousand rubles for the construction of a separate building with 100 seats , which received his name ^[10] . In October 1892, the executor of E. A. Kun donated 150 thousand rubles with the condition of dedication: one of the departments of the hospital will be called the “department of D. A. Kun”, and in March 1893, the widow of Alekseev, having fulfilled her husband’s request, donated 300 thousand rubles for the construction the second half of hospital buildings ^[10] . In total, more than 1.2 million rubles were spent on the construction of the hospital between 1889 and 1902. All funds were received from individuals ^{[11] [12]} .

Opening and start of operations

In May 1889, under the chairmanship of Alekseev, meetings of psychiatrists and representatives of the city government were held to determine the type of future hospital and the place for its construction. On June 27, 1889, as a result of these negotiations, it was decided to build a hospital on the site of the former estate of collector Ivan Beketov, brother of the publisher Platon Beketov . In 1835, the estate with the main house, a park with a greenhouse and a pond, a winter garden and a poultry house was bought by the merchant Kozma Ivanov Kanatchikov, as a result of which the name Kanatchikova dacha was assigned to the area ^[13] . In 1868, Kanatchikov sold a plot to the City Council to house a slaughterhouse ^{[14] [15]} . The total area allocated is 59 hectares . Control over the construction of a new hospital was entrusted to the city ​​government ^{[4] [9]} .

Doctor Victor Butsk compiled a program with instructions for the architect, which took into account the specifics of the future building and suggested the construction of two-story stone buildings, interconnected by warm passages ^{[16] [17]} . Based on this program, the architect Leonid Vasiliev compiled a hospital design in the Neo-Russian style ^{[9] [17]} . The total estimate was more than 800 thousand rubles, and donated funds were not enough. On October 9, 1890, the City Duma decided to divide the construction into several stages. First of all, they decided to build a central building with a church, an economic building, a house for employees and half of the hospital ^[16] .

In 1891, the solemn laying of the hospital took place ^[12] . On May 18, 1893, by decree of Alexander III, the city ​​council decided to assign the hospital the name of Nikolai Alekseev ^{[18] [9]} . By May 1894, the first stage of the hospital was ready (the left part of the main building with 150 seats , administrative and utility rooms with services, and Yermakov’s department). On May 12 of the same year, the hospital was opened and consecrated ^{[18] [12]} . Viktor Butske was appointed as the chief physician ^[9] .

On December 5, 1899, at the expense of I.V. Zaitsev and Yu. A. Borisova, each giving 8 thousand rubles, two small buildings were opened. In December 1900, a women's corps was opened for 72 patients with chronic diseases. The name of the building was given in honor of the construction sponsor Alexander Sergeyevich Kaptsov, who donated 82 thousand rubles. In 1902, at the expense of Alexandra Alekseeva, the widow of Nikolai Alekseev, they built a power station at the hospital and made lighting in all hospital and office rooms, as well as in the apartments of employees ^[18] .

In 1902, rooms were occupied under the wards, which were occupied by the doctor of the Ermakov branch, where they managed to place another 20 beds . According to internal accounting, the average length of stay in the hospital at that time was 217 days ^[19] . In 1903-1904, at the expense of Alekseeva and, according to the will of Alexandra Ksenofontovna Medvednikova, the hospital received a total of 30 thousand rubles. These funds were used to build medical workshops. The buildings were designed by architect Alexander Meisner . The discovery took place in 1905 ^{[11] [9]} .

Work at the Beginning of the 20th Century

The main buildings of the hospital were located in the elevated part of the cottage ( 16 fathoms above the level of the Moscow River ), almost in the center of the site. The highway leading to the hospital divided it into two main groups: to the east of the highway there were buildings with apartments for employees and outbuildings, to the west - hospital buildings, the administrative building and the utility buildings located behind it (kitchen, bathhouse, laundry, etc.) , which were divided into two halves - male and female ^[11] .

Each half consisted of four stone buildings, a pavilion . The first pavilion was connected to the administrative building by a warm passage. On its lower floor was a department for new entrants and requiring particularly careful medical supervision and patient care. Upstairs, calm and recovering patients were accommodated. Adjoining this building is another absolutely the same, making up one whole from the outside, in which weak patients, somatic , and semi-calm ones were located at the bottom. Then, at a right angle, there was a warm passage leading to the third building, where more restless patients were located below, and calmer at the top, then a small one-story building for the most violent ones through a warm passage ^[20] .

The first three pavilions were hospital departments. Each of them was designed for 23–27 people and represented a small independent hospital where there is everything for an autonomous existence. Near the bedrooms there were several rooms for day stays. There was a buffet near the extensive common dining room, and behind it a back staircase to the kitchen. In addition to the common bedrooms, each compartment had five separate rooms, and five in the annexes for the exuberant. In the departments for calm patients, they served to accommodate patients from more cultural backgrounds, not accustomed to sleeping in dormitories, comfortably furnished and had no additional protective equipment. The rooms in the departments for violent patients were served as insulators and were upholstered with soft mattresses, ship windows were on the windows, there was only a bed of furniture. The size of the insulators: length - 6 arshins , width - 3 arshins, height 5. Shared bedrooms were designed for 6-8 patients (length - 7-8 arshins , width - 8, height - 5-6) ^[21] .

In each of the departments there was one room for needlework or social games, a dining room, a room for meetings with relatives, an office for doctors, which was located between the departments or at the entrance to the department. On the lower floors of the day rooms there were exits to the veranda and garden ^[22] . Also in each compartment there were bathrooms with washbasins. Other more complex hydrotherapy devices were located only in one of the bathrooms in the middle wing ^[23] . The rooms for the guards were located at the back of the stairs and had separate entrances. They included a small entrance hall, one large room and a kitchen ^[23] .

Between the male and female buildings there was a two-story administrative building. On the ground floor there were: an entrance hall with a room for the doorman , an extensive lobby, office rooms, a reception room, an office, a room for the doctor on duty, and the director’s office. On the second floor: a church with an oak iconostasis , a hall for public meetings, a room for medical meetings, a library and a laboratory. There was another church on the territory, intended exclusively for the funeral of the dead. She was at the chapel, located to the side, and was not visible from the windows of the hospital ^[24] .

Opposite the administrative building was an economic building. It housed a boiler room for central steam heating, a kitchen with separate entrances for male and female servants, a room for cleaning vegetables, a room for washing dishes, a pantry, a room for cooks, two kitchens for the servants, who made up the artel and fed on their own means. Then there were workshops: locksmith and carpentry . There was also a laundry room for small washing, a bathhouse, a drying room and a room for storing things of patients ^[25] .

Behind the male half of the hospital was the building of Ermakov. In the building, patients were accommodated in large rooms, designed for 20-30 people . Most of the bedrooms were on the second floor. There was one isolation room. Behind the female half is the Kaptsov building ^[24] . Five gardens were adjacent to each half, male and female, of which only two - for restless and violent patients - were surrounded by fences. The rest had only a low wooden trellis separating them from the road and the forest ^[24] . There were six workshops. For men - basket, bookbinding, carpentry, boot, tailor. For women - sewing ^[26] .

Periodically, musical and literary and dance evenings were held at the hospital. In the departments there were billiards , chess , checkers and other games, a library (totaled 2048 books , and was also regularly updated with various newspapers and magazines) ^[27] .

Patient statistics ^[19]

Patronage

Since the opening of the hospital, a rural patronage system has been operating - calm and safe patients who did not have relatives were “given” to peasant families in the nearest villages and villages (for example, in Dalnee-Belyaevo, Troparevo , Nikulino , Derevlyovo and others). The host family was supposed to provide patients with a separate small bedroom with a bed and a table. The family also provided food for the patient, always at the common table. Patient participation in the work was allowed only with the consent of the patients themselves. The host family received a cash reward for patronage - 9 rubles 50 kopecks. The amount of the allowance was fixed and did not depend on the patient's gender, his illness, or his working capacity. The hospital also provided each patient with clothing, shoes, mattresses, pillows, blankets, bedding, tobacco and matches, pocket money. The total cost of keeping the patient on patronage was 160-170 rubles per year, or 50-60% of the cost of keeping the patient in the hospital ^[28] .

The selection of patients for patronage took place with particular care: patients with epilepsy , exacerbations, suicidal tendencies , and alcoholism were not sent to the family. If the patient worsened, they were immediately transferred back to the hospital. Patients for patronage were selected by doctors. Oversight of the hosts lay with the overseers and their assistants. Their duties included visiting patients on a daily basis, in special cases 2-3 times a day ^[28] . By the opening of the Alekseevskaya hospital, 19 people were in patronage.

The number of patients on patronage ^[29]

Since 1903, patients were admitted exclusively in the direction of psychiatrists (before that - the city government). From the same year, city patronage was organized. Thus, only patients in the acute stage or in a restless state entered the hospital directly. Patients who did not need constant supervision were assigned to care for families under the guidance of psychiatrists. The hospital established the position of a doctor for city patronage, his duties included monitoring the patronage patients. The host families were paid an allowance by the city government, determined in each case by the director of the hospital, a committee of doctors and approved by the city government ^[30] .

Soviet period

In 1922, the hospital was named after the famous psychiatrist Petr Kashchenko , who headed it from 1904 to 1907 ^{[31] [32]} . In the 1930s, the hospital area decreased by half - to 29.5 hectares . The rural patronage was abolished; instead, the Troparevo agricultural colony, which existed until 1969, was opened. Also in the 1930s, the Medvednikovskaya Children's Hospital became the children's department of the hospital (since 1962 - the Children's Psychiatric Hospital No. 6 ) ^{[17] [33]} .

During the Great Patriotic War, the main method used to treat the mentally ill was electroconvulsive therapy . Also, a center was opened at the hospital for the treatment of wounded with traumatic brain injuries ^[9] .

In 1950-1970, five buildings were erected, two buildings for medical and labor workshops for 450 jobs , as well as a new complex of greenhouses and greenhouses. A branch of the hospital, Polivanovo, was opened ^[17] . Since 1951, the hospital has had clinical status and has been conducting educational activities to train highly qualified medical personnel. ^[34]

Modernity

In 1994, the hospital was returned to its former name - the name of Alekseev ^[31] . In 1996, in memory of Alekseev, a chapel was built and consecrated in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker ^{[9] [35] [36]} . In 1998, in the hospital, in the seventh sanatorium department, a fire occurred during which the wooden structures of the floor and partitions, furniture on an area of ​​about 100 m² were destroyed ^[37] .

В 2014 году у больницы появилась собственная радиостанция, названная « Зазеркалье ». Инициаторами и создателями выступили студентки журфака МГУ Дарья Лебедева и Софья Еркушова. Ведущими на радио являются пациенты ^[38] . Первый прямой эфир состоялся в марте 2015 года. Материальную поддержку проекту оказывает благотворительный фонд «Добрый век» ^{[39] [40]} .

В 2017 году открыли амбулаторный модуль Психиатрической клинической больницы № 1 имени Алексеева в шестом филиале консультативно-диагностической поликлиники № 121 ^{[41] [42]} . В этом же году больница приняла участие в проекте «Первый опыт». Его суть заключается в помощи прохождения трудовой реабилитации пациентам с первым эпизодом шизофрении . Реабилитация проходит на базе больницы с последующей интеграцией в реальное производство ^[43] .

Территория больницы в настоящее время составляет 27 гектаров ^{[44] [45]} . Вход и выход — свободный, на ключ закрываются только двери отделений и медицинских кабинетов. Большинство пациентов, с разрешения лечащего врача, могут гулять по территории и выходить в город. Некоторые пациенты днём уходят работать или учиться, а вечером возвращаются. Существует также дневной стационар, в котором пациенты находятся днём, а ночуют дома ^{[44] [45]} . На территории имеется оранжерея, где пациенты сами выращивают около 70 тысяч растений ^{[44] [45]} , а также музей, посвящённый истории Алексеевской больницы и психиатрии в целом ^{[31] [46]} . Посещение осуществляется по предварительной записи и является бесплатным. Летом музей не работает. Основателю больницы Алексееву и его роду посвящена отдельная экспозиция ^{[47] [48]} . Психиатры больницы являются авторами газеты «Нить Ариадны», освещающей актуальные вопросы научной и практической психиатрии ^[49] .

Главные врачи

• 1894—1903 — Виктор Романович Буцке ^[50]
• 1904—1907 — Пётр Петрович Кащенко ^{[32] [51] [52]}
• 1907—1917 — Александр Иванович Мальшин ^[50]
• 1917—1930 — Павел Павлович Бруханский ^[50]
• 1930—1950 — Илья Натанович Каганович ^[50]
• 1950—1964 — Александр Лаврентьевич Андреев ^[50]
• 1964—1987 — Валентин Михайлович Морковкин ^[50]
• 1987—2010 — Владимир Николаевич Козырев ^[50]
• 2011—2012 — Сергей Васильевич Поляков ^{[50] [53] [54]}
• 2012—2016 — Юрий Афанасьевич Шуляк ^[50]
• 2016 — настоящее время — Георгий Петрович Костюк ^{[55] [56]}

В холле главного здания расположен позолоченный бюст Петра Кащенко, созданный одним из пациентов больницы. Кроме того, к 120-летию клиники в этом же холле были установлены бронзовые барельефы всех главных врачей ^[57] .

Врачами больницы в разные годы были такие медики как Сергей Корсаков , Пётр Ганнушкин , Груня Сухарева , Пётр Зиновьев , Михаил Гуревич и другие ^{[36] [58]} .

Храм во имя иконы Божией Матери « Всех Скорбящих Радость », находящийся в административном корпусе больницы. Был освящён 25 октября 1896 года. Освящение храма возглавил епископ Можайский Тихон (Никаноров) . Настоятелем был назначен иерей Исмаил Павлович Лепарский, псаломщиком — Феодор Лукич Пальшков. В 1900 году в честь Иоанна Рыльского была освящена часовня, предназначенная для отпевания усопших. В 1920 годы храм и часовня были закрыты, церковное убранство и росписи — уничтожены, а их помещения стали использоваться в административных целях. 25 мая 1994 храм был восстановлен и вновь освящён. Настоятелем стал протоиерей Александр Церковников. Многое из необходимого убранства было изготовлено в больничных мастерских. Освящение храма провёл Патриарх Алексий II ^{[24] [9] [61]} .

• В творчестве В. С. Высоцкого : действие песен «Письмо в редакцию передачи „ Очевидное — невероятное “» с Канатчиковой дачи" и «История болезни» (в трёх частях) происходит в больнице ^{[6] [62]} . В песне «Есть телевизор…» присутствуют строки:

Ну а потом на Канатчиковой даче,
где, к сожаленью, навязчивый сервис,
я и в бреду всё смотрел передачи,
всё заступался за Анжелу Дэвис … ^[62]

• Упоминается в романе Юрия Олеши «Зависть».
• Запечатлена вместе с пациентами в фильме Дзиги Вертова « Кино-глаз » (1924) ^[63] .
• Группой « Крематорий » написана песня «Кащенко» ^[64]
• Исполнителем «Boulevard Depo» написана и названа песня «Кащенко» ^[65]
• Клиника дала название стилю сетевого троллинга — кащенизму .

• Санкт-Петербургская психиатрическая больница № 1 имени П. П. Кащенко
• Нижегородская областная психоневрологическая больница № 1 им. П. П. Кащенко

• Городские учреждения Москвы, основанные на пожертвования, и капиталы, пожертвованные Московскому городскому общественному управлению в течение 1863—1904 гг. . — M.: Directmedia, 2013. — 474 с.
• Баталов А. Л., Вайнтрауб Л. Р. Калейдоскоп московской жизни: две недели жизни в городе : год 1923, 7 октября - 21 октября . — М. : Лингва-Ф, 2010. — 279 с.
• Вагнер Б. Б. Карта рассказывает: Природа и история, имена и судьбы в географических названиях Подмосковья . — М. : Б. Б. Вагнер, 2015. — 754 с.
• Киселев А. С. Вторая столица Российской империи . — M.: Международный дом сотрудничества, 1997. — 493 с.
• Масляева Н. С. Городская клиническая психиатрическая болница им. П. П. Кащенко. — М. , 1968.
• Морковкин В. M., Агеева З. М. Московская клиническая психиатрическая больница имени П. П. Кащенко.. — М. : Медицина, 1987. — 192 с.
• Писарькова Л. Ф. Городские реформы в России и Московская дума . — М. : Новый хронограф, 2010. — 735 с.
• Райх, Уолтер (Walter Reich). Мир советской психиатрии // « The New York Times », США. — 1983. — 30 января.
• Тараканова И. Г. Центральные архивы Москвы . — M.: Издательство объединения Мосгорархив, 1999. — 334 с. — ISBN 5722800724 , 9785722800725.
• Тараканова И. Г. Невропатология и психиатрия . — M.: Медгиз, 1939. — Т. 8.
• Юдин Т. И. Очерки истории отечественной психиатрии / Под ред. Б. Д. Петрова. — М. : Медгиз, 1951.
• Boulevard Depo — Кащенко feat. PowerpuffLuv

• Музей истории Московской городской психиатрической больницы им. Н. А. Алексеева (неопр.) . Музеи России. Дата обращения 30 августа 2019.
• Храм во имя иконы Пресвятой Богородицы «Всех скорбящих радость» при Психиатрической клинической больнице № 1 имени Н. А. Алексеева (неопр.) . Дата обращения 30 августа 2019.
•   Психиатрическая больница — Сюжет Первого канала о больнице имени Н. А. Алексеева
• Газета «Нить Ариадны»
• Радио «Зазеркалье»