Pennsylvania- type armored cruisers are the US Navy's warship, the first US serial armored cruisers. In total, 6 units were built: "Pennsylvania" ( Eng. Pennsylvania ), "Colorado" ( Eng. Colorado ), "West Virginia" ( Eng. West Virginia ), "Maryland" ( Eng. Maryland ), "California" ( Eng. California ), South Dakota .
| Pennsylvania Armored Cruisers | |
|---|---|
 Armored cruiser "Pennsylvania" | |
| Project | |
| A country |
|
| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | 15 138 t |
| Length | 153.58 m |
| Width | 21.2 m |
| Draft | 7.34 m |
| Reservation | belt - 89 ... 152 mm, deck - 37 mm (on bevels - 102 mm), towers - 152 ... 165 mm, barbets - 76 ... 152 mm, casemates - 127 mm, wheelhouse - 229 mm |
| Engines | 2 triple expansion steam engines, 16–32 steam boilers |
| Power | 23 000 liters with. |
| Mover | 2 screws |
| Speed | 22 knots (40.74 km / h ) |
| Sailing range | 6,000 (Pennsylvania and Colorado) or 6,500 (remaining) nautical miles at 10 knots |
| Crew | 561-581 people |
| Armament | |
| Artillery | 2 × 2 - 203 mm / 40, 14 × 1 - 152 mm / 50, 18 × 1 - 76 mm 12 × 1 - 47 mm 2 × 1 - 37 mm |
| Mine torpedo armament | 2 single-tube 457 mm torpedo tubes |
Further development of this project is a series of cruisers such as the Tennessee .
Design
Large armored cruisers, intended to act as a high-speed detachment in the linear fleet (similar to the Kamimura cruisers in the Russian-Japanese war). As a prototype taken battleships of the type "Maine" [1] .
Design
Their names corresponded to the “battleship standard” - the names of the states. But the armament of the cruisers testified to the opposite: almost 14 thousandth monsters carried the same artillery as the Japanese Asam - four eight-inch towers and fourteen six-inch casemates. The defense was approximately similar, although the national school affected the distribution of armor [2] . The belt was slightly thinner, 152 mm instead of the Japanese 178, the bevels of the deck behind it were 102 mm against Asama and Ivate, but the horizontal deck was only 37 against 51 and 63 among the Japanese [2] , plus Gaveevskaya’s armor, as on Asam, albeit of better quality, but not Krupp. As a result, the “Americans” had a certain advantage over the “Asams” in covering vital parts at short distances, while at the large “Izumo” were better protected.
Booking
Harvey , Krupp and extra - soft nickel - plated (deck) armor. Compared to previous armored cruisers, the protection was strengthened: the belt along the waterline became 152 mm, the upper belt was 5 "(127 mm), the tips were covered with 3.5" (89 mm) armor. The frontal part of the main gun turrets was 6.5-inch (165 mm). The thickness of the horizontal armor of the deck was 38 mm; the bevels, within the citadel, had a thickness of 102 mm and were adjacent to the lower edge of the belt; at the extremities the bevels were less. The thickness of the conning tower armor was 229 mm [3] .
Armament
Four 8-inch lengths of 40 calibers were installed as the main caliber. Vertically, the machines provided the guns with extreme guidance angles from −7 to +14 °. Firing Range - 58 kbt. Theoretical rate of fire 2-2.8 rounds / min., Practical one and a half.
The rest of the armament consisted of quick-firing guns: 14 152 mm Mk guns. 6 with a barrel length of 50 calibers: all 152-mm guns were placed in armored casemates - ten on the battery deck and four on the top and eighteen 76-mm guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers. 152 mm guns had a declination angle of 7 °, elevations of 15 °, firing range at an angle of + 14.9 ° 15,000 yards (13,716 m, 74 kbt.), The maximum rate of fire was three rounds per minute. The guns fired 95-105 pound shells (43 - 48 kg) [4]
Upgrade
Cruisers entered the armored squadrons of the Atlantic Fleet, as a fast wing. The Russo-Japanese war showed that the main caliber of cruisers does not meet the requirements of squadron combat and cannot be put in line. They can serve with armadillos, but can never take their place in the line. GK had to urgently change [5] . In 1909-1911, the 8 "/ 40 guns of the ships were replaced by four 8-inch (203 mm / 45) Mark 6s in the Mark 12 turrets. The Colorado was replaced first of all because of the rupture of the barrel in 1907. The guns were equipped with shells weighing 118 kg, vertical guidance angle - 7 ° + 20 °. The guns had the largest firing range of 22,000 yards (20,000 m, 108 kbt.) Rate of 1-2 shots per minute [6] .
Service
" Pennsylvania " - laid down on August 7, 1901, launched on April 18, 1903, entered into service on February 23, 1905. In 1912 it was renamed Pittsburgh .
" Colorado " - laid down on April 25, 1901, launched on April 25, 1903, entered service on January 19, 1905. In 1916 it was renamed "Pueblo" .
" West Virginia " - laid down on August 16, 1901, launched on April 18, 1903, entered into service on February 23, 1905. In 1916 it was renamed Huntington .
“ Maryland ” - laid down on October 29, 1901, launched on August 12, 1903, entered service on April 18, 1905. In 1916 it was renamed Fredericks .
" California " - laid down on May 7, 1902, launched on April 28, 1904, entered into service on August 1, 1907. In 1914 it was renamed “San Diego” .
“ South Dakota ” - laid down on August 30, 1902, launched on July 21, 1904, entered service on January 21, 1908. In 1920 it was renamed the Huron .
The only major US warship that died in World War I was the San Diego former California .
Project Evaluation
It turned out that being 4000 tons larger than the Japanese armored cruisers of the Izumo type, American ships had no advantage in armament, seaworthiness or defense. The only advantage is the speed, which is 1¼ knots higher, and the main caliber of American cruisers has a shorter range. The American cruisers really surpassed those who were also part of the Kamamura Asama detachment, also in terms of protection, seaworthiness and cruising range, but the Asamas were quite old cruisers by this time. But with them, the Americans had about the same maximum speed, and both had to experience the replacement of boilers, but if the cause of Asam was the archaic and worn-out fire tubes, then Pennsylvania and Colorado had unreliability of the Nikloss system boilers, promoted by Kramp. They were tormented with them in all fleets. Had to suffer and the owners themselves. Only at the threshold of World War I they were replaced by more unpretentious and powerful Babcock-Wilcox boilers, which became standard for the United States Navy [2] .
Ships are quickly obsolete (South Dakota before commissioning). By the beginning of World War I, they had no significant military significance.
| Devonshire [7] | Colorado [8] | St. Louis [9] | The York [10] | Izumo [11] | Bayan | " Leon Gambetta " [12] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bookmark Year | 1903 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1898 | 1900 | 1901 | |
| Year of commissioning | 1905 | 1905 | 1905 | 1905 | 1900 | 1903 | 1905 | |
| Normal displacement, t | 11 024 | 13,899 | 9855 | 9533 | 9906 | 7326 | 11 959 | |
| Full, t [com. one] | 13 053 | 15 380 | 11 024 | 10 266 | 10 470 | 8238 | 13 108 | |
| PowerPM , l with. | 21,000 | 23,000 | 21,000 | 19,000 | 14,500 | 16 500 | 28,500 | |
| Maximum speed, knots | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20.75 | 20.9 | 22.5 | |
| Range, miles (on the go, knots.) | 8500 (10) | 6000 (10) | 6000 (10) | 4200 (12) | 4900 (10) | 3900 (10) | 6500 (10) | |
| Booking mm | ||||||||
| Type of | The cop | KS HS | HS | The cop | The cop | HS | The cop | |
| Belt | 152 | 152 | 102 | 100 | 178 | 200 | 150 | |
| Deck (bevels) | 25 (51) | 37 (102) | 25 (76) | 40 (60) | 63 (63) | 60 | 55-60 (65) | |
| Towers | 127 | 165 | - | 150 | 152 | 150 | 170 | |
| Barbets | 152 | 152 ... 76 | - | 150 | 152 | 150 | 140 | |
| Cutting | 305 | 229 | 127 | 150 | 356 | 160 | 150 | |
| Armament | 4 × 1 × 190 mm / 50 6 × 1 × 152 mm / 45 2 × 1 × 76.2 mm / 28 18 × 1 × 47 mm / 43 2 TA | 2 × 2 × 203 mm / 40 14 × 1 × 152 mm / 50 18 × 1 × 76.2 mm / 50 2 TA | 14 × 1 × 152 mm / 50 18 × 1 × 76.2 mm / 50 | 2 × 2 × 210 mm / 40 10 × 1 × 150 mm / 40 14 × 1 × 88 mm / 30 4 TA | 2 × 2 × 203 mm / 45 14 × 1 × 152 mm / 40 12 × 1 × 76.2 mm / 40 5 TA | 2 × 203 mm / 40 8 × 1 × 152 mm / 45 20 × 1 × 75 mm / 50 2 TA | 2 × 2 × 194 mm / 40 16 × 1 × 164 mm / 45 22 × 1 × 47 mm / 43 4 TA | |
Comments
- ↑ For British and American ships in the sources, displacement is given in long tons , so it is converted to metric tons
Notes
- ↑ Cruisers, 1984 , pp. 50-60.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Overseas Heavyweights, 2008 .
- ↑ Cruisers, 1984 , p. 469.
- ↑ United States of America 6 "/ 50 (15.2 cm) Mark 6 and Mark 8 . Navweaps (2 May 2015). Date accessed September 22, 2016.
- ↑ Cruisers, 1984 , p. 67.
- ↑ United States of America 8 "/ 45 (20.3 cm) Mark 6 . Navweaps (July 29, 2016). Date accessed October 15, 2016.
- ↑ All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 / R. Gardiner. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.-P. 71.
- ↑ All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 / R. Gardiner. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.- P. 148.
- ↑ All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 / R. Gardiner. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.- P. 149.
- ↑ Gröner . Band 1. - P.78
- ↑ All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 / R. Gardiner. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.- P. 225.
- ↑ All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 / R. Gardiner. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.- P. 306.
Links
Literature
- Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Encyclopedia of the Cruisers 1860-1910. - Minsk: Harvest, 2006. - ISBN 5-17-030194-4 .
- Norman Friedman US Cruisers: An Illustrated History. - Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1984. - 496 p. - ISBN 0-87021-715-1 .
- Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1980 .-- ISBN 0-85177-133-5 .
- Lisitsyn F.V. World War I / Executive Editor L. Nezvinskaya. - M .: Yauza, EKSMO, 2015 .-- 448 p. - (War at sea). - 1400 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-84344-2 .
- Gröner, Erich. Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945. Band 1: Panzerschiffe, Linienschiffe, Schlachschiffe, Flugzeugträger, Kreuzer, Kanonenboote. - Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1982. - 180 p. - ISBN 978-3763748006 .
- V. Kofman. CASEAN WEIGHTS // Modelist-Constructor: magazine. - M .: CJSC "Edition Modelist-Constructor", 2008. - No. 10 . - S. 32-34 . - ISSN 0131-2243 .