Velikozakhodsky rural settlement

The Great Sunset Village of the Demyansky District of the Novgorod Region is a municipality abolished on April 12, 2010 ^[1] in the Demyansky District of the Novgorod Region of Russia .

The administrative center was the village of Great Sunset . Velikozakhodsky rural settlement was established in accordance with the law of the Novgorod region of November 11, 2005 No. 559-OZ . Since April 12, 2010 it entered the Zhirkovsky rural settlement .

Natural and climatic conditions of the area

The village of Great Sunset is one of the most remote in the Demyansky district, it is located in the south-west of the district center, the distance is 25 kilometers. By its natural conditions, my region is famous for its combination of magnificent landscapes. He is amazingly beautiful !!!

Flat reliefs are replaced by wavy. The ancient rivers Polomet and Pola carry their waters here. In spring, riverbanks are surrounded by greenery. White-barrel beauties-birches are mixed with bird cherry, alder, spruce. From ancient times, demian land was famous for its dense forests. To date, the afforestation of the region reaches 79%. Forest resources along with mineral ones - brick clay, sand and gravel - constitute a significant economic potential.

The land in our region was called the “golden bottom”, as it is very fertile. In the past, the main crops: rye, oats, potatoes, flax - gave good income. Now the population mainly plants potatoes on their personal plots.

One of the main wealth of the region - agricultural land / arable land, pastures and hayfields / start up, become unusable, overgrown ...

My village is surrounded on all sides by swamps with beautiful mysterious names: Divy Moss, Grishenskoye, Poddevka, Big Moss ...

These unique “kidneys of the planet", as scientists call them, are rich no matter what !!! This is peat, and berries, and, of course, areas for reforestation.

The climate in our area is temperate continental with a non-hot short summer, mild winter and long spring and autumn. All this attracts citizens here. Many seek to spend their holidays away from urban centers in the wilderness. On the recommendation of doctors, some stay here forever.

The Demyanska hinterland - Velikozakhodsky Krai - with numerous lakes and rivers has long become a place of pilgrimage for Muscovites and Petersburgers.

At any time of the year, people from a wide variety of professions hurry from afar, not only to relax and improve their health, but also to learn the rich history of the ancient land, make hiking, wander through the woods, go fishing ...

Origin of the village

The first annalistic message with the name "Sunset", which has survived to this day, dates back to the 15th century. In the census leasing book of Derevskaya Pyatina, 2 Entrances are mentioned: “In addition to the village of Zakhod, where Demon Sysoyko Stepankov lived, sowing rye 2 boxes and mowing 15 kopens, there was another Zakhod with the yards of Ontushko Kuzemkin and Tereshko Isakov. They sowed rye for almost 5 boxes, mowed up to 40 kopecks of hay, the income was 2 hryvnias, measures of rye, oats, wheat, flax. They also made cheeses. ” Previously, there were no differences between Sunset. After analyzing this material, we came to the following conclusion: the yards of Isakov and Kuzemkin are our village of Great Sunset, since the village of Bukh is mentioned nearby, and this is very close to us. ²

The riddle of the name of the village

1. According to the oldest hypothesis, the name “Great Sunset” appeared due to the fact that for centuries Bukh the Great Nicola Church stood on the neighboring graveyard Bukh in honor of the patron saint of all navigators and travelers.

2. According to the second version, the name “Great” was affirmed in relation to “Small”, since another village, “Small Sunset”, was also listed on the Polomyat River, but in ancient times these differences did not exist. A old-timer A.V. Baluev in 1958 suggested that the village appeared on the long road Staraya Russa - Ostashkov. Merchants and pilgrims walked along it to the Nilova Pustyn and were forced to turn into the village for the night. And since it was necessary to enter the village no less than a mile away, they called it the Great Sunset. “The Great Sunset arose on the historical ancient path (Seliger) between Tver and Veliky Novgorod. The first settlers occupied the lands of Seliger along the banks of rivers and lakes, which can be seen even now. Consequently, the first roads between the settlements were riverbeds and river banks, as well as the lakes and the lakes themselves. If you take all the villages along the Pola and Smashed rivers, you can see that they are on ridges on the bank of the Pola River 100-150 meters. The Great Sunset from the bed of the Pola River is no closer than one kilometer. Since the roads were along the shore and the bed of the Pola River, therefore, to get into our village, it was necessary to go at least one kilometer. And if with the goods on the boat. It was necessary along the stream, on the banks of which the village stands, to drag the boat over a kilometer. This is where the name Great Sunset came from. ”

3. Recently, another hypothesis has spread: in these places in the pre-revolutionary time there were roads for salt, to salt springs, and all went into taverns that were kept by local merchants.

4. I would like to put forward one more version: the Great is formed from the “Velts” tribe, as the ancient people called heroes. This word passed into the Karelian "fells" - the supreme elder, into the Russian "volost". Hence, it seems to me, and the words of the giant, Veliky Novgorod, and, of course, the Great Sunset. The mystery of the name of the village remains in the depths of centuries, but we really like this parallel between Veliky Novgorod and the Great Sunset.

The dynamics of the population of the Great Sunset

According to the documents of the Novgorod State Archive: "From the list of village councils of the Demyansky district that are part of their settlements on 01. 11. 1927." ³

For 1927, there were 343 people in the Great Sunset. The numbers are boring and tiring, but behind each figure is the very life of the described village ...

To keep track of the population by time, I had to work with the archives of Zhirkovsky settlement ⁴ .

1927 is the year of the highest population growth, one might say, the year of the population explosion. / 343 people / This is understandable: a collective farm named after Lenin is being created with a central estate in the Great Sunset, villages around are being destroyed, and residents are being taken to an enlarged center.

By 2012, the number of residents is reduced by 2.5 times, in the whole village there are 145 people. Unfortunately, the negative trend of population decline in the Great Sunset is catastrophically moving forward. In these conditions, it was very important to track the main factors affecting the reduction in population.

Life before the revolution ... The village has seen a lot in its lifetime: Batu’s cavalry, Polish-Lithuanian ruin, and fascist occupation. Ivan the Terrible also stopped in the village, coming with the troops to conquer Veliky Novgorod. She belonged at that time to Bukhovsky Pogost.

From the book of P.M. Zolina "One hundred Novgorod villages" learned that in the first half of the 19th century the landowner Veliky Zakhad belonged to the landowner Malofeev, the other to the landowner Rybin, hence the peasants were called Malofeyev and Rybinsk. In GANO we find confirmation of this, only one inaccuracy ⁵ .

The 1888 materials of the Novgorod collection of the provincial zemstvo council read as follows:

In the mid-19th century, villagers became free. According to the Tsar’s manifesto, part of his land was sold by the landowner Malofeev to the peasants, and partly he simply donated. The Great Sunset at that time was divided into two classes: the northern edge was bourgeois, the southern one was called peasant.

After the reform of 1861, the local rich forests quickly began to be bought up by enterprising businessmen. From the documents of the Novgorod State Archive: “Tables of private property farms of the Novgorod province with information about the lands of church clergy and city estates for 1891” I learned the names of private owners, and what they owned. In the Great Sunset there were many rich bourgeois and merchants with the surname Bochkaryov ⁵ .

During the years of Soviet power ...

In 1917, all estates came to an end, but the villages did not immediately accept the power of the Soviets. After a year, they take part in the green riot, which is suppressed only by force of arms. The year 1929 came, the year of the great turning point. The collectivization of agriculture began, which exploded the centuries-old foundations of peasant life. Collective farms are being created, farm consolidation is taking place, in 1938 many collective farms unite and innocent people suffer in nothing. Villages are being destroyed, peasants are forcibly taken to enlarged centers. Nevertheless, already in 1929 collective farms were formed. Among the first in the volost, the collective farm named “im. Lenin. " Collective farm Lenin ”was considered one of the few economically strongest agricultural cartels in Demyanskaya volost. The documents of the district archive, the fund of the district land department, and information on collective farms of the Demyansky district of the Leningrad Region as of September 15, 1940 contain the names of collective farms and central estates ⁶ .

The board of the collective farm was located in the village of Great Sunset. Initially, 15 poor families joined the collective farm. The middle peasants came after them, and in the same year the collective farm grew to 30 families. By the end of the year, there were already 50 families on the collective farm, 208 consumers, of whom 165 were able-bodied, VKPb members — 7, Komsomol members — 5. At first, the organization of the collective farm was managed by a trio of Ivan Streltsov, Peter Strelchinsky and Stepan Zhukov, and then the board was elected. and the first chairman was Ivan Ivanovich Streltsov.

From 1930 to 1931, the chairman was Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov, a worker at the Kulakov plant in the city of Leningrad, who was sent among 25 thousand workers to create collective farms. He was later transferred to party work. Collective farmers gratefully recall Ivanov Ilya Ivanovich as a staunch communist who carried out the party’s mission to organize a collective farm in the Demyansky district. The collective farm also achieved high successes thanks to other staunch communists. This is Pavel Ivanovich Krutikov, a field foreman who was sent for six-month courses to the city of Pushkin, Leningrad Region.

The first time in field cultivation and livestock farming was carried out manually. The collective farm was greatly assisted by the workers of the Leningrad Kulakov plant, who were their bosses. Chefs provided the collective farm with the necessary equipment.

In 1930, the collective farm received the first tractor. Workers sent collars, reins, harnesses to the collective farm, which was not the case in any large-scale farm before.

Later, they sent an engine to the collective farm. In gratitude, the collective farmers sent the workers bread and meat. In 1930, a pioneer organization was organized on the territory of the collective farm. Pioneers rendered considerable assistance to the collective farm. They did not sit on the sidelines: they prepared concerts, went with them to other villages, helped the collective farmers during harvesting, weeding and harvesting flax. In the summer, waste paper was collected for the Kulakov plant. The latter also did not remain in debt and sent pioneers of red cloth to their ties. The guys themselves sewed ties and began to wear them since 1931. In 1936, the state act on the eternal use of land was issued under No. 052519. The total area of ​​land and in sections changed during the course of the collective farm. This table demonstrates this:

Table 1.- Land assigned to the collective farm named after Lenin

The fund stores state acts that confirm the consolidation of land for collective farms. ⁷

The peasants who entered the collective farm worked together, were interested in their work. During the harvest period, regardless of the time, they went out to work even at night. We tried to purchase agricultural machines, but here we also encountered difficulties: there was no fuel for cars, there were very few specialists. The first tractor driver was Nikolay Karpov from the Great Sunset. The economy was carried out according to plan. A seven-field crop rotation was introduced. By the beginning of the five-year plan, the Lenin collective farm was already included in the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy and before the war was already economically stronger. The collective farm was associated with the experimental station of the city of Pushkin in the Leningrad Region, which sent varietal seeds of rye "Vyatka", peas "Bogatyr", barley "Daryubl", flax - each 4 kg. Workers sowed experimental plots with varietal seeds. The rye crop reached 2 tons per hectare. It was difficult to harvest, as the rye was tall, coarse, thick, - the mower could not even mow. The Chairperson requested the women and they manually harvested the entire crop. From these first experimental plots, Vyatka rye was distributed throughout the district on later collective farms. Pea yield reached 10 centners per hectare. 40 hectares were sown with clover and flax. The use of fertilizers and higher agricultural technology ensured a grain crop 2 times larger than usual.

During collectivization, the village was not dispossessed. All the rich were the first to transfer livestock and property to the collective farm, and worked along with all of them in its fields. The documents of the Novgorod State Archive contain no less interesting information about the millionaire Leonov Ilya Yakovlevich.

Former old-timers / Petrov Nikolai Ivanovich and Baluev Alexander Vasilievich / told an interesting story about the landowner Leonov: “Leonov Ilya Yakovlevich - a millionaire timber merchant, had his own store, but they did not press him, but simply offered to leave the district. He sold the property, but he took the capital with him and left. ” According to the assumptions of the old-timers, Leonov Ilya Yakovlevich made the burial of his capital / a pot of gold /, during the war he came to the village and tried to find a treasure, but could not. The landmarks along which he buried the treasure disappeared. Old-timers say that for a whole year he was looking for his gold, got up before sunrise and, where the shadow fell, he began to dig there, but did not find anything. To date, we have people who are looking for the "Leon" treasure ...

War years ...

The war violated and turned over the measured village life. On September 8, 1941, the Nazis occupied the village, and on February 29 the soldiers of the 129th division of the North-Western Front liberated. There is no information about this difficult time of occupation, except for the recollections of two old-timers. Informants talked about difficult living conditions, about the hard physical labor of that time.

During the war years, the development of the village stopped. Almost all the men went to the front, women and children remained. The Great Sunset passed from hand to hand several times, perhaps that’s why the Germans were not able to show the cruelty experienced by other people during the 17 months of the war. But then the village itself got it: this is the front line, the shells flew one by one, sweeping away everything in its path. During the retreat, the Nazis burned houses with torches. Almost all residential and household buildings were destroyed, only four houses remained ... Civilians were locked up in one house and set on fire, people miraculously did not burn, the Soviet soldiers arrived in time ...

The war ended, but few returned from the war. We will never forget those who gave their lives for our happiness.

About atrocities committed against Soviet citizens by German fascist criminals in the Velikozhodsky village council of the Demyansky district, it was established:

- shot - 13 citizens

- died after exhaustion and torture - 164 people

- POWs died - 22 people

- all died - 234 people

- was arrested, beaten and tortured - 42 people

- killed by bombs and shells - 35 people

- stolen into German slavery according to acts - 1043 people

- stolen into German slavery according to the available lists - 832 people.

The fighting on the Demian land died out in February 1943. The fierce enemy, retreating under the blows of units of the Red Army, robbed everything that could be carried away, and tried to destroy the rest. The property of the collective farms was plundered.

Post-war time ... Revival ...

After the settlement was liberated from the Nazi occupiers, the hardworking hands of the people again revived the village. After the war, the life of the Great Sunset was getting better ... Life every year becomes better, more joyful and more secure. In the settlements of the Velikozakhodsky Village Council in 1940, there were 446 collective farm houses. The lands of collective farms were served by the Demyansk machine-tractor station . Sowing and harvesting were essentially manual. The entire able-bodied population, the elderly and children, entered the fields. Collected by the state seeds for sowing, collective farmers carried on their shoulders from Lychkovo station.

But with what enthusiasm people worked!

Revived collective farms gained strength. After the war Anastasia Stepanovna headed the collective farm Vedernikova, then Vasily Nikolaevich Karabanov. The links were then Karchevskaya Maria Matveevna, Bychkova and others. Карчевская Мария Матвеевна за высокие показатели ездила на выставку в Москву. Район славился урожаями льна. Льноводы были постоянными участниками Всесоюзной выставки в Москве.

За три года девятой пятилетки наш колхоз имени Ленина достиг высоких результатов. Полностью было механизировано внесение минеральных и органических удобрений, колхоз перешел полностью на посевы сортовыми семенами. Механизирована уборка и переработка зерна, стали применяться передовые методы уборки льна. Уборка зерновых 2 года подряд проводилась групповым методом. Звено состояло из 5 комбайнеров - коммунистов и комсомольцев, которое возглавлял механик Бочаров Николай Степанович, один копнитель, коммунист Мосягин Василий Трофимович, стогометатель коммунист Иванов Виктор Анатольевич, спецмашина - коммунист Ежов Анатолий Леонидович, две машины по отвозки зерна - комсомолец Ражев Александр Николаевич.

We were pleasantly surprised to learn that our native school did not stand aloof from collective farm affairs. In the 50s, it was famous as a school, which had one of the best school sites, which was led by Maximova Maria Osipovna. In 1955/56, the guys raised such corn that they represented it at the VDNH exhibition in Moscow.

“The collective farm named after Lenin and the Kommunar were united on the basis of a decision of the Demyansk District Council of Workers' Deputies dated August 22, 1974 No. 211/4, and the Velikozhodsky state farm was formed. The state farm had 274 workers of various levels, 36 tractors, 7 flax harvesters, 13 stockyards, 345 cattle, 55 horses, 1,500 young animals, 90 pigs and 380 sheep. The production line of the state farm is meat and dairy and flax-growing ”. The main tasks of the state farm were: the implementation of state planned tasks, the maximum production of agricultural products while reducing costs and preserving the land.

From 1974 to 2000, 10 integrated production teams were formed at the state farm:

· Branch No. 1 - the center of the state farm - the village of Great Sunset

· Branch No. 2 - the center of the village of Visyuchy Bor

· Branch No. 3 - the center of the village of Yamnik

· Branch №4– the center of the village of Old Brod

· Branch No. 5 - the center of the village of Zarya

· Branch No. 6 - the center of the village of Kostkovo

· Branch No. 7 - the center of the village of Cemen

· Branch №8 - the center of the village of Hmeli

· Branch No. 9 - the center of the village of Pakhino

· Branch No. 10 - the center of the village of Demidovo.

The departments were headed by team leaders, the state farm management staff included specialists: chief engineer, mechanics, chief agronomist, veterinarian,

economist, accountants - only 35 people ⁸ .

The data of the department of brigades of the Velikozakhodsky state farm are graphically presented.

In March 1965, the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a program to reorganize the agricultural sector of the economy. It was decided to significantly increase investment in the development of the social sphere of the village, increase purchase prices for agricultural products, establish a firm plan for public procurement, write off debts and arrears of previous years, introduce a 50 percent premium to the basic price for the over-planned sale of products to the state. Thanks to this program in the 60-65s. state farms received new powers in the field of economic construction. They concerned the organization of national economic planning on their territory, relations with village councils and other non-subordinate enterprises and agricultural organizations. Our state farm was no exception. At a gathering of citizens of the villages Veliky Zakhod, Hanging Bor, Khmeli on November 5, 1974, on the basis of the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On Measures for the Further Development of Agriculture of the Non-Chernozem Zone of the RSFSR”, the new chairman of the state farm Malsagov Hussein Akhmadovich speaks on the agenda “Our Village Today and tomorrow". At the gathering, after hearing a report by the chairman of the state farm, they decided to approve a plan of practical measures for the development of the village of Great Sunset for 1975 - 1980. in the light of the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The workers of the Velikozakhodsky state farm worked enthusiastically, implementing the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU . All workers took part in the socialist competition. Many of them became drummers of communist labor.

The success of the economy was largely determined by the skillful leadership of the director Malsagov Hussein Akhmadovich, the work of specialists:

- Crop farming - agronomist Razheva Tamara Andreevna.

- Livestock - livestock specialist Bogacheva Albina Yakovlevna.

In the 80s, the results of the reform became especially noticeable. Expensive equipment was bought, programs for land chemicalization and land reclamation were launched, grandiose cattle-breeding and processing complexes were under construction. But by the end of 1986, the economic situation in the country began to deteriorate. In January 1987, production declined, which affected the activities of the state farm.

At all stages of the Velikozhodsky state farm’s path, different leaders who controlled production processes stood at the helm:

1952-1962 - Zaitsev Ivan Timofeevich

1962 - 1974 - Razhev Ivan Nikolaevich

1974 - 1985 - Malsagov Hussein Akhmadovich

1985 - 1988 - Elkin Gennady Mikhailovich

1988 - 1992 - Polushin Valentin Pavlovich

1993 - 1997 - Ageev Alexander Ivanovich

1997 - 2000 - Bochkareva Galina Sergeevna

Since the beginning of the 90s, the economy began to decline. Much has been said: a slurred state policy in the field of agriculture, and insufficient funding, and a frequent change of leaders. And later, in the 90s, the farm was reorganized into the collective agricultural enterprise Zakhod in order to improve the system of economic relations in agriculture. ⁹

The archive contains documents that state a further chronology of events at the state farm:

- By order of the administration of the Demyansky district dated December 18, 1992 No. 588, the Velikozakhodskoye limited liability partnership was registered.

- By an order of the administration of the Demyansky district dated August 30, 1999, Velikozakhodskoye LLP changed its legal status in connection with its transformation into Velikozakhodskiy agricultural production cooperative.

- Liquidation of the Velikozakhodsky agricultural production cooperative and making an entry in the unified state register of legal entities dated April 25, 2002 No. 325-rg. ⁹

Although the Velikozakhodsky state farm is recognized bankrupt earlier, in 2000, and ceases to exist.

Life goes on..

Unfortunately, after the liquidation of the state farm, there is no production in the village.

Of the 145 residents officially registered as of January 1, 2013, the Great Sunset, some work in social institutions, others go to the district center. Today, wood mining remains a traditional craft in our area: two dozen residents work in forestry, and many more men are employed by private entrepreneurs involved in wood processing.

But the life of the village continues: in the center of the village is a school, a store, a club, a library, a post office.

“ Is there a future for my village ... ”

I'd like to believe that the Great Sunset has a future. Everyone sees what is happening with the village at the moment, as the number of rural residents decreases every year. The villages are dying. There are many reasons for this. This is the closure of rural schools, libraries, clubs, after which young people have nowhere to go. Therefore, young families move to the city closer to school, to cultural institutions. This is the lack of well-paid work. These are the most important issues that are ruining our villages. And only solving them, we can talk about the future of the village. And “whether the Great Sunset will live,” we can only answer this question ourselves by changing our attitude towards our “small Motherland”. It all depends on us: if we take care of our dear homeland, we will become masters on our land, we will respect the older generation with respect - then life will not stop. And I want to believe that everything will change in the near future. It pleases the heart that, with God's help, faith is being revived in our land. In our village a chapel was built in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord. People believed that the fate of an entire village, region, region may depend on each small victory of one person ... And if faith, hope and love are still alive in the hearts of people, then life in our places will not stop.

Today in the Great Sunset there are many young families, which means that the village will live. The future will hold onto us young, and if there is a school, children, then the human race will continue. I am firmly convinced that the Great Sunset was, is and will be !!!