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Telegony (theory)

Telegonia (from the Greek. Tele - far, far away and gone (goneia) - birth, work on light, offspring [1] ) - refuted biological concept [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] , that existed in the 19th century [7] , which asserted that mating with previous partners , and especially with the very first sexual partner, significantly affects the hereditary traits of the offspring of a female individual, obtained as a result of mating with subsequent partners [2] [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Telegony was recognized in the USSR in the 1940-1950s under the rule of Lysenkoism [2] [11] .

From the standpoint of modern science, this view is prejudice , superstition , delusion , which is not supported by experimental studies and is incompatible with the known mechanisms of heredity [4] [6] [10] [12] [13] [14] [15] . In the bulletin " In Defense of Science ", published by the Commission for Combating Pseudoscience and Falsification of Scientific Research under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences , the concept of the existence of telegony is described as pseudoscientific [16] .

Etymology

The term “telegony” was introduced into use by Augustus Weisman in the 19th century, combining the words tele - “far” and gennao - “spawning” [17] . It is appropriate to mention Telegon , the son of Odyssey from the nymph Circe [18] . According to the myth “ Telegonia ”, Odyssey ruined the chance and ignorance of her son, who was born far away from him.

Representations of telegony to the beginning of the XX century

The idea of ​​telegony goes back to Aristotle . It assumes that the traits of an individual are inherited not only from his parents, but also from other males, from which his mother had previous pregnancies (or intercourse; in the case of plants, crossing ) [12] .

At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, belief in telegony was spread among breeders working with various types of domestic animals . The case of the mare of Lord Morton [7] [19] , described by Charles Darwin from the words of Morton and outlined by F. le Dantec :

She had 7/8 Arabic and 1/8 English blood and was covered (in 1815) with quagga (a less striped kind of zebra), without the birth of offspring. In 1817, 1818 and 1823 this mare was covered with a stallion of her breed. The foals born after this were similar (in terms of hardness of coat, bay suit, in presence of dark spots and stripes along the ridge, on the shoulders and back legs) by quagga to the same extent as if they had 1/16 of quagga blood. [20]

Original text (fr.)
Cette jument alezan ayant 7/8 de sang arabe et 1/8 de sang anglais fut saillie en 1815 par un couagga, sorte de zèbre moins rayé que l'espèce ordinaire, et fit un métis. Livrée ensuite à un étalon noir de même sang qu'elle, elle fit successivement, en 1817 et 1818 avait deux ans et l'autre un an. Tous les deux avaient, d'après le comte de Morton, autant de ressemblance avec le couagga que s'il avaient eu 1/16 du sang de cet animal. Ils étaient de couleur bai, marqués comme le couagga, de taches foncées disséminées, de bandes noires, l'une le de l'échine, les autres sur les épaules et la partie postérieure des jambes. La crinière aussi rappelait celle du couagga qui est dure et dressée. Saillie de nouveau en 1823, elle eut encore un petit qui rappelait le premier pére huit ans après l'intervention de celui-ci. L'authenticité de cecéné néest pas douteuse, mais on peutérécére que les ressemblances avec le couagga etuient peo accentuéres eu de couaggas dans leur lignée depuis l'origine de leur espèce. [21]

Charles Darwin himself considered this case to be a manifestation of an archaic character characteristic of a common ancestor of horses [7] [22] . Le Dantek was inclined to believe that telegony existed, including for a person. He wrote:

Side children should not be allowed to have any signs of their mother's husband, if this last one was not fertilized by them at least once ... And a child born to a woman who previously had many children from different partners may have signs from all these previous ones ( partners) fathers.

Original text (fr.)
On the pete pas admetrare les les enfants caractères de tous ces pères antérieurs. [23]

Experimental verification attempts

Attempts to reproduce the result of Morton in the experiments of breeders Cassar Huart ( eng. James Cossar Ewart ) (1889) [24] [25] , as well as I. I. Ivanov in the Askania-Nova nature reserve , crossing mares with zebras , did not confirm the existence of telegonium [26 ] [27] [5] . It was found that the bands may be in foals that were born from mares who have never had matings with males of quaggus or zebras [7] [28] . As a result of many years of observation of dogs (Lang) and pigeons (Belle), carried out at the end of the 19th century, no evidence of the existence of telegonia was found either [29] . Telegony was also not confirmed in the experiments of 1959 on fruit flies and rats [30] .

Experiments with Telostylinus angusticollis

In 2013, at the XIV Congress of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology in Lisbon, Australian biologist Angela J. Creene, an employee of the Research Center for Evolution and Ecology and the School of Biological, Science and Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales , spoke on “What is a father, is that a son? Non-genetic paternal effects revive the possibility of telegony ”(in English ), in which she presented the results of her research, jointly with Anna M. Kopps and under the supervision of Russell Bondurian, aspects of non-genetic inheritance, during which the flies have a neriid rusk Telostylinus angusticollis species has been found to have a phenomenon similar to the telegonium [32] [33] . In 2014, according to the results of studies in the journal they published an article entitled “Revision of telegony: descendants inherit the acquired feature of their mother’s previous partner” ( English Revisiting telegony: [off] the mother’s past mate ) [33] [ 34] . Biologists received large male flies, growing them on a nutrient-rich diet. Small males were obtained as a result of feeding the nutrient-poor food. Males of various sizes mated with young females, and when females reached maturity, the researchers changed partners. Although the female gave birth to a second male, the size of her children was determined by the diet of the first partner. It is assumed that this phenomenon is determined by the absorption of the molecules of the seminal fluid of the first male into immature eggs of the female [33] [35] .

Candidate of Biological Sciences, senior researcher at the Department of Biological Evolution, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, S. N. Lysenkov, in turn, noting that although this “study showed that, at least under special experimental conditions, some acquired features may transferred from the male to other children of the female with which he mated "at the same time indicated that there is a" non-genetic inheritance of acquired properties ", since" the overwhelming majority of signs still transmit I'm in the usual way, through genes methylated or not - and only directly from father and mother. " Thus, he concludes that the results of a study conducted by Australian scientists "do not increase the possibility that previous males of this female can leave their genes with her" [32] .

Candidate of Biological Sciences, senior researcher at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems named after A. Kharkevich, RAS , member of the RAS Commission for Combating Pseudoscience and Falsification of Scientific Research A. Yu. Panchin, in turn, notes that he would not call the “discovered phenomenon telegonium” because when it comes to telegony, “they nevertheless imply the transfer of hereditary traits from the first male”, as is the case with the signs directly dependent on genes (for example, coloring ) and then “this would be a real telegonium”. He draws attention to the fact that “the size of a male is not so much a hereditary trait as an acquired trait (as a result of a special diet),” and also emphasizes “the effect itself is very non-specific,” since otherwise sexually transmitted diseases could be attributed to telegonia by : “The first man infected his partner with HIV infection , the woman brought the child away from the second man and gave birth to the child of the patient with HIV. The child has a symptom that the first man had of his mother: a weakened immunity. This is also a transmission of the trait from the first (and not only) man to all subsequent descendants of the woman. ” In addition, Panchin particularly notes that since the article examines insects, then “you should not transfer the research results to humans,” citing the following example: “If you are a girl and your first man ate and suffered from excessive weight, this does not mean that all your kids will be fat. You're still a girl, not a fly. It’s also not the fact that the first male is special, but that mating with a male affects the female, which does not immediately manifest itself on her offspring, but with some delay. ” In general, he concludes that the work of Australian scholars presents “not the telegony (“ science of virginity ”), which supporters of traditional morality want to believe, and for which, ironically, girls need as often as possible, and as soon as possible start having sex with cute, strong, intelligent young people in the hope that these traits will be passed on to children who will be born later, even if from a not-so-smart husband ” [33] .

Explanation of the phenomenon

According to modern concepts, most of the facts, “demonstrating the phenomenon of telegony,” are the appearance in the offspring of traits that were absent from immediate parents, but were possessed by more distant ancestors. A textbook example is the identification of hidden (recessive) traits as a result of splitting of parental genotypes with certain combinations, as well as atavisms , spontaneous secondary mutations that restore genetic information modified by the primary mutation (such as the appearance of a tail in a human child) [27] .

Telegony in terms of genetics

In mammals, each sperm contains a haploid (single) set of chromosomes , and each egg contains a different haploid set. In the process of fertilization , a zygote appears with a diploid (double) set of chromosomes, and this set is inherited by each mammalian cell. That is exactly half of the genetic material is inherited from the sperm manufacturer (father), and the second half - from the manufacturer of the egg (mother). Thus, the myth of telegony contradicts modern knowledge of genetics and reproduction.

Telegonia in the public mind

The idea of ​​telegony was used in the concepts of human inheritance. The imperialists used it to explain the thinning of the aboriginal population after contact with Europeans, under the assumption that aboriginal women become less fertile after contacts with white men. The offspring of widows in the second marriage was often attributed to the widow's deceased husband. Emile Zola used the idea of ​​telegony in his novel “Madeleine Fehr” (1868) [17] .

The idea of ​​telegonia still exists among some horse breeders and dog breeders when they do not allow the crossing of purebred animals with non-pedigree or other breed animals. They believe that in this case and in all subsequent genera, purebred descendants cannot be expected from such queens even if they are covered by purebred males of their breed [10] [36] .

The idea of ​​telegonia is used as an argument in favor of chastity by supporters of various conservative political and religious ideologies [9] . In Nazi Germany, this idea triggered a resurgence of anti-Semitism [37] . In Russia, in the late 2000s, interest in the telegony increased in the ultra-right environment [38] . Some Orthodox priests and laity used the idea of ​​telegonia as a “scientific argument in favor of chastity ”, but were criticized by Orthodox theologians [39] , biologists [27] [40] [41] and journalists [41] .

Literature

  • M. Aslanyan M. - Doctor of Biology prof. Department of Genetics and Breeding, Moscow State University ; Spirin A.S. - Doctor of Biology , academician of RAS , prof. Department of Molecular Biology, MSU
    • Aslanyan M.M. , Spirin A.S. Striped daughter of Lord Morton’s mare // Drug Magazine (for cat lovers). - M .: Premiere-Media, 1997. - № 3 (21) . - p . 22 . Archived January 19, 2013.
  • Kurylo L.F. - Doctor of Biology prof. , Head of the Genetics Laboratory of Reproductive Disorders, Medical and Genetic Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
    • Kurylo L. F. Telegony: Myths and Reality // Orthodox Medical Server Orthomed.ru. - 2007. Archived June 10, 2012. partial copy , archived partial copy
    • Kurylo L.F. Where do negros come from, or what is telegony, Ogonyok . - 1995. No. 29 (4408) . - pp. 42— 44 .
  • Mozgovoy A.S. - employee of the Department of Botany of the Biology and Soil Faculty of St. Petersburg State University
    • Mozgovoy A. S. Misconception about telegony // Missionary-apologetic project "To Truth". Archived May 28, 2013. ( copy )
    • Mozgovoy A. S. Telegony - a scientific theory or superstition? // Radio Grad Petrov . - 12.02.2007. Archived February 7, 2013. ( copy )
  • G. Muravnik - Biologist - Geneticist , Researcher, Institute of Viral Drugs
    • Muravnik G. L. “The Phenomenon of Telegonia”: quotes with comments and reflections (Neop.) . Christianity and science. Collection of conference reports. . International Christmas Educational Readings. M., 2005, p. 299-317. Archived February 7, 2013. copy
    • Muravnik G.L. The collapse of the myth (about the mysterious phenomenon of telegony) . - Samara: Samara Academy of Humanities, 2005. Archived August 26, 2014. 1 , copy 2 , copy 3 (also the article, which was not agreed with the author of the editorial board, was published in Nezavisimaya Gazeta - Whose descendant was Christ? According to the logic of telegonia, the father of Solomon should be considered not David, but Uriah (rus.) // Nezavisimaya Gazeta : newspaper. - 01.18.2006. Archived May 26, 2013.
    • G. Muravnik. The pseudoscientific doctrine of telegony // XIX Annual Theological Conference of the PSTGU: Materials. - M .: Publishing house PSTGU , 2009. - T. II. - p. 93-95. - 240 s. Archived May 25, 2013. ( archived copy ) ( copy on the site of Orthodoxy and the World ), copy
  • Sotskaya M.N. - Ph.D. , Assoc. Department of General Psychology MGPPU ; Moskovkina N. N. - Biologist-physiologist with many years of experience, a professional teacher, a dog handler and a consultant
    • Sotskaya M.N., Moskovkina N.N. On some genetic prejudices in cynology. The influence of previous marriages on subsequent ones. (Section III. Tribal breeding of dogs. Chapter 1 Basics of Genetics.) // Tribal breeding of dogs . - M .: LLC Aquarium-Print, 2006. - 304 p. - ISBN 5-98435-209-5 .
  • Shimkevich V.M. Telegonia // “ Encyclopedic Dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron ”. - SPb. , 1901. - T. 64. - p. 777.
  • Telegonium // Strunino - Tikhoretsk. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976. - P. 388. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ed. AM Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, v. 25).
in other languages
  • Bondeson, Jan . A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities . - New York: WW Norton & Company , 1999. - 320 p. - ISBN 0393318923 .
  • Burkhardt RW : Morton's mantle: Studies in the History of Biology. - 1979. - Vol . 3 . - p . 1-21 . - PMID 11610983 .
  • Clutton-Brock, Juliet . Horse Power: Donkey in Human Societies. - Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1992. - 1992 p. - ISBN 978-0674406469 .
  • Ewart JC Experimental Contributions to the Theory of Heredity. A. Telegony // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Archived May 26, 2013.
  • Rabaud, Étienne. Telegony: A Superstition that Dies Hard — Experimental Evidence from Breeding and Deductions from Embryology — Supplied . - Oxford University Press , 1914. - No. 5 (9) .
  • "Heredity" // Encyclopædia Britannica . - Encyclopædia Britannica , 2011.
  • Falz-Fénér, Fridrich , et Ivanov II. A propos du problème de la télégonie Ob Observations sur des juments fécondées d'abord Pas de télégonie.] // Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. - Paris, 1913. - Vol. 74. - P. 1029-1031.
  • Felix Le Dantek . “Telegony, or the influence of the first male” (Chapter XXIV) // “Individual evolution, heredity and neo-Darwinists”. - M. , 1899. - p. 244-248.
  • Le Dantec, Felix. Évolution individuelle et hérédité : théorie de la variation quantitative . — éd. 1. — Paris: Éditions Félix Alcan, 1898. — 343 p.

Notes

  1. ↑ Тарантул В. Толковый биотехнологический словарь. Русско-английский . — Litres, 2017. — ISBN 9785457364622 .
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 Захаров-Гезехус И. А. Наука о наследственности в кривом зеркале псевдонауки // В защиту науки . — Бюллетень № 16. — М. : Наука , 2015. — С. 85—90. — 112 с.

    Со ссылками на законы генетики, нередко неправильно трактуемые, выходят книги и в церковных издательствах. Вызвавший отрицательные отклики сборник статей «Целомудрие и телегония» (тираж – 10 000 экз.) с благой целью предостережения от добрачных связей ссылается на явление телегонии, отвергнутое наукой ещё более 100 лет назад (телегония – якобы возможное влияние предыдущего полового партнера матери на её потомство от другого отца, кстати, телегония признавалась лысенковцами в 1940–50 гг.).

  3. ↑ Bondeson, 1999 , p. 159.
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 Телегония // Большая энциклопедия: в 62 томах . — М. : ТЕРРА , 2006. — Т. 6. — С. 184. — 592 с. — ISBN 5-273-00432-2 .

    Телегония (Telegony), не имеющая подтверждения теория, согласно которой половой контакт с одним мужчиной влияет на детей, рождённых в результате последующих сношений с другими мужчинами

  5. ↑ 1 2 Hutt, Frederick Bruce; Rasmusen, Benjamin A. Animal genetics . — 2. — Wiley, 1982. — P. 318. — 582 p. — ISBN 978-0-471-08497-6 .

    Without going in to details (which were nicely summarised by Crew) it will suffice to say that no evidence for telegony was found, but it was shown, among other things, that some horses can produce striped colts without ever having seen a zebra.

  6. ↑ 1 2 3 Popenoe, Paul ; Johnson, Roswell Hill . Applied Eugenics / Richard T. Ely , Ph.D, LLD.. — 2nd Revised Edition. — New York: The MacMillan Company , 1933. — P. 37. — 429 p.

    It is, however, a pure myth, as well as the corresponding belief that the male may carry a persistent effect in his germ cells from a first mating. There is no good evidence to support telegony, and there is abundant evidence to contradict it. Telegony is still believed by many animal breeders, but it has no place in science In such a case as the one quoted, the explanation is undoubtedly that the supposed father is not the real one. And this explanation will dispose of all other cases of telegony which can not be explained, as in most instances they can be, by the mixed nature of the ancestry, and the consequent variability.

  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bulmer, Michael. Xenia and Telegony // Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry . — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press , 2003. — 376 p. — ISBN 978-0801874031 .

    In animals the phenomenon is called „telegony“ and occures if a male who has been mated to female affects the appearance of the subsequent offspring of that female by other males. The best known example is that of Lord Morton's quagga, a species of zebra now extinct. Lord Morton had mated a male quagga to an Arab mare, which has subsequently mated to an Arab stallion. The foals from the latter mating showed features resembling the quagga (the "quagga taint"), in particular conspicuous stipes on the legs, which contemporary scientists accepted as a proof of telegony. Darwin explained telegony by supposing that gem-mules introduced in to the female when she mates with the first male can survive and divide in her until subsequent matings. Later control experiments showed that stripes could be found on foals from mothers who had been never mated to quagga or zebra, and belief in telegony was dead by the end othe nineteenth century (Burkhardt 1979)

  8. ↑ БСЭ, 1976 , Телегония (от теле... и... гония), предполагаемое влияние свойств мужской особи, участвовавшей в предыдущем скрещивании с женской особью, на её потомство, полученное, от скрещивания с др. мужскими особями., с. 388.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Виноградова Е. П., Воловикова М. Л., Канищев К. А., Куприянов А. С., Ковальцов Г. А., Тихонова С. В., Чубур А. А. Краткий справочник понятий лженауки // Лженаука в современном мире: медиасфера, высшее образование, школа: Сборник материалов Международной научно-практической конференции, посвящённой памяти академика Э. П. Круглякова, проходившей в Санкт-Петербургском государственном университете 21—22 июня 2013 г / [редкол.: С. В. Тихонова (отв.ред.) и др.]. - SPb. : Изд-во ВВМ, 2013. — С. 284. — 291 с. - 100 copies — ISBN 978-5-9651-0742-1 . Архивная копия от 26 августа 2014 на Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 М. С. Гельфанд : «Телегония – некоторое суеверие , которое состоит в том, что дети женщины или любого другого существа генетически несут отпечаток первого полового партнёра. В это верят люди, разводящие породистых собак, заводчики лошадей и, по-видимому, некоторые другие люди. С научной точки зрения это патологическая ерунда, просто нет предмета для обсуждения.» — Барышников В. Новый уровень бесстыдства // Радио Свобода , 11.09.2016
  11. ↑ Телегония // Б. А. Введенский (глав. ред.) и др. Большая советская энциклопедия . — М. : ГНИ «Большая советская энциклопедия» , 1956. — Т. 42 Татары — Топрик . — С. 137 . Архивировано 31 мая 2013 года. (Второе издание БСЭ редактировалось сторонниками мичуринской агробиологии Т. Д. Лысенко )
  12. ↑ 1 2 Britannica, 2011 , All these beliefs, from inheritance of acquired traits to telegony, must now be classed as superstitions . They do not stand up under experimental investigation and are incompatible with what is known about the mechanisms of heredity and about the remarkable and predictable properties of genetic materials..
  13. ↑ Гайсинович А. Е. Наследственность // Большая медицинская энциклопедия / Под ред. Н. А. Семашко . — М. : « Советская энциклопедия », 1931. — Т. 20. — С. 291. ( заархивированная копия )

    Заодно коснёмся другой группы фактов ложной наследственности, основанной на грубом заблуждении. К таковым относится телегония. Телегонией называется предполагаемое влияние признаков самца, раньше совокуплявшегося с самкой, на потомство, полученное от последующего оплодотворения другим самцом. Хотя взгляд этот уже давно оставлен, он встречается иногда среди медиков и животноводов. Так, Орт (Orth) приводит случай, когда мужчина, страдавший гипоспадией, имел от жены детей-гипоспадиков; когда же она вступила во второй брак с якобы здоровым человеком, то и от него родила детей, страдавших гипоспадией. Насколько нужно относиться критически к таким «фактам», показывает известный пример телегонии у лошади. Арабская кобыла дала от скрещивания с самцом квагги помесного жеребенка. У потомства, полученного в дальнейшем от арабского жеребца, обнаружена была полосатость, сходная с таковой у квагги. Оказалось, что у лошадей часто обнаруживаются наследственные задатки подобной полосатости, которые и имелись очевидно у арабской кобылы. Еще более невежественным и исторически преодоленным является представление о влиянии психических переживаний беременной на потомство («обглядывание»). Так, тот же Орт описывает случай, когда женщина перед зачатием видела консервированный плод с дефектом челюсти. Родившийся у неё ребенок имел якобы тот же дефект. Известный сексолог Роледер обсуждает этот случай совершенно серьезно!
    Попытки доказательства соматической индукции. Большое же количество работ относится к трансплантациям половых желез от особи одной породы в особь другой породы. Гетри (Guthrie; 1908) пересадил черной курице (предварительно кастрировав её) яичник от белой и наоборот. Чёрная курица с имплантированным яичником белой дала от белого петуха не только белых цыплят, но и пестрых; белая курица с яичником от чёрной от скрещивания с черным петухом дала всех пестрых цыплят. Появление пестрых цыплят толковалось как влияние признаков тела курицы на имплантированный яичник. Многочисленные проверочные работы выяснили, что кастрацию у курицы трудно осуществить полностью и что в опыте Гетри имела место регенерация собствен. яичника курицы. Кроме того Кастль и Филлипc (Castle, Phillips; 1911) произвели аналогичные опыты над морскими свинками и получили отрицательный результат. Безупречные опыты Клатта (Klatt; 1919) над непарным шелкопрядом также не дали никакого результата. В наст. время никто не оспаривает, что опыты по трансплантации половых желез говорят против соматической индукции.

  14. ↑ БСЭ, 1976 , Точные генетические эксперименты многих учёных в конце XIX в. не подтвердили Т., с. 388.
  15. ↑ Меламед, 28.02.2013 , Экспериментальных доказательств телегонии не существует..
  16. ↑ Sergeev, A.G. Sinekdokha of Responsibility, or Homeopathic Protection // In Defense of Science . - 2017. - № 19. - p. 90.

    ...существуют десятки настоящих лженаук, таких как астрология и хиромантия, экстрасенсорика и парапсихология, криптобиология и биоэнергетика, биорезонанс и иридодиагностика, креационизм и телегония , уфология и палеоастронавтика, эниология и дианетика, нумерология и соционика, физиогномика и графология, информациология и универсология, лозоходство и контактерство, дерматоглифическое тестирование и геопатогенные зоны, геополитика и лунный заговор, теории эфира и торсионных полей, памяти воды и волновой генетики.

  17. ↑ 1 2 Bynum, Bill. Telegony (англ.) // The Lancet : journal. — Elsevier , 2002. — April ( vol. 359 , no. 9313 ). — P. 1256 . — DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08200-4 .
  18. ↑ Мозговой, 12.02.2007 .
  19. ↑ Clutton-Brock, 1992 , p. 46.
  20. ↑ Курило, 2007 .
  21. ↑ Le Dantec, 1898 , p. 302.
  22. ↑ Дарвин Ч. глава V // Происхождение видов путём естественного отбора или сохранение благоприятных рас в борьбе за жизнь / Отв. ed. академик А. Л. Тахтаджян . — СПб: « Наука », 1991.
  23. ↑ Le Dantec, 1898 , p. 305, 306.
  24. ↑ Ewart, James Cossar . 1851-1933. Zoologist and professor of natural history, University of Edinburgh
  25. ↑ Correspondence about telegony ( Unreferenced ) (inaccessible link) . The appeal date is January 20, 2010. Archived on February 23, 2011.
  26. ↑ Falz-Fein, Ivanov, 1913 , p. 1029-1031.
  27. ↑ 1 2 3 Aslanian, Spirin, 1997 , p. 22
  28. Argu ut argu argu 1992 1992 1992 striped 1992 He argu He He He He He argu argu He He He argu argu argu argu He argu argu argu ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut their repertoire of development. (Darwin 1858, 1868; Gould 1990) It wasn’t there? 47
  29. ↑ Shimkevich V. М. Telegony // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
  30. ↑ Daniel JC Jr. Telegony retested (Eng.) // Journal of Heredity . - Oxford University Press . - Vol. 50. - p. 274-298.
  31. ↑ Crean AJ, Kopps AM, Bonduriansky R. Like father like son? The X-th Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology Nongenetic paternal effects reinvigorate the possibility of telegony (Abstracts) 19 to 24 August 2013 Lisbon. Portugal
  32. ↑ 1 2 Lysenkov S. N. Does telegony happen in flies? // Knowledge is power . - 2013
  33. ↑ 1 2 3 4   ≡ Panchin A.Yu. Telegony in flies, Lamarck evolution and non-Mendel heritability (Neopro) . LiveJournal (October 3, 2014). The appeal date is February 28, 2018.
  34. ↑ Angela J. Crean, Anna M. Kopps, Russell Bonduriansky. Revisiting telegony: offspring inheritance of their mother's past mate // . - 2014. - DOI : 10.1111 / ele.12373 .
  35. ↑ Scientists have discovered the similarity of the offspring with the female's first sexual partner (Neopr.) . lenta.ru (October 1, 2014). The appeal date is October 3, 2014.
  36. ↑ Bliznyuchenko A. G. Telegony - myths and reality . Archived August 28, 2012. ( copy )
  37. Ried Friedman, David . - Simon and Schuster, 2008. - p. 161-162. - ISBN 0-684-85320-5 .

    Called telegony of this theory ..., Der Stürmer , often presented with cartoons and spreads after his death

  38. ↑ Portnov, A.A., Razumov, A.A., Genesis, Evolution and Development Prospects of “Russian Runs” in Russia // Power . - 2013.
  39. ↑ Extract from the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Review and Expert Review of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church No. 5 of February 11, 2010.

    14. LISTENED: The report of the expert regarding the missionary department of the St. Petersburg Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church for the book “Chastity and Telegony.” Sent for examination to the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox Church and the Modern Science on the Problem of Genetic Inversions ”(Psalter Publishing House, 2004) in order to resolve the issue of the possibility of implementing this book through the church book network.

    RESOLVED: It is impossible to distribute this book through the church (diocesan, parish, monastic) book network, since it contains statements contrary to the teaching of the Orthodox Church.

  40. ↑ Muravnik, 2009 , p. 93-95.
  41. ↑ 1 2 Rebrov, 03/10/2010 .

see also

  • Epigenetic

Other links

  • Gould, George M. ; Pyle, Walter L. Telegony // Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine . - Philadelphia: WB Saunders & Company , 1896. - P. 87-90. - 914 p. ( copy of the book )
  • Lankester, E. Ray . Birth marks and Telegony // Devision of a Naturalist. - 3-rd edition. - London: Methuen, 1919. - p. 396-407. - 425 p.
  • Telegony // Encyclopaedia medica. - Longmans, Green & Co. , 1900. - Vol. 4. - P. 484-486.
  • Telegony // Encyclopedia Britannica . - Encyclopedia Britannica , 1911. Archived May 31, 2013.
  • Melamed Julia. Professor Marlene Aslanian: “For some reason I think that cats know us better than we do them” // Moscow News . - 02.28.2013. Archived October 11, 2013.
  • Rebrov, Dmitry. Forcing chastity: is it worth believing in telegony? // Mercy.ru. - M .: Commission on Church Social Activities at the Diocesan Council of Moscow, 03/10/2010. Archived June 14, 2011. ( copy 1 ), ( copy 2 )
  • Yongsheng Liu. Telegony, Shermatozoa Inheritance and Non-Mendelian Inheritance Mediated by Spermatozoa: Reproduction in Domestic Animals. - M .: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011. - Vol. 46 , no. 2 - p . 338-343 . - ISSN 1439-0531 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1439-0531.2010.01672.x .
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telegonia_(theory )&oldid = 100915131


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