Partzifal

The most important of the plot treatments are:

• the French poetic novel Perceval, or The Grail Story , begun but not completed by Chretien de Trois (d. c. 1180) and continued by 13th-century poets Voschier de Denin, Manessie and Gerbert de Montreil .
• German revision of the plot - “ Partzifal ” by Wolfram von Eschenbach (c. 1210 ).
• later prose French novels of the XIII - XIV centuries - "Perceval le Gallois" or "Perlesvaus".
• 15th Century mid-English metric - Sir Percyvelle of Galles.
• one of the Welsh tales that is part of the 13th century Mabinogion is Peredur ar Efrawc.

A significant number of manuscripts that have reached us and related to the same era of translations into other European languages ​​(Dutch, Icelandic) testifies to the enormous popularity of the plot.

Already in the first treatment that reached us — the unfinished “Tale of the Grail” by Chretien de Trois — the novel presents a complex polynomial plot whole, in which two storylines are connected:

• the first is the story of the “simple man” Percival, brought up in forest solitude, a young man gifted with knightly valor , but deprived of a knightly courtesy, experiencing a series of semi-comic adventures and hardly mastering the “vernalism” of a true knight;
• the second is the story of the search for the Holy Grail - a mysterious talisman stored in a mysterious castle, from the owner of which Percival is destined to remove the spell that weighs on him.

It is this last storyline, in which elements of Celtic pre-Christian myths are crossed with the motives of Christian mysticism , that is particularly developed in the subsequent history of the novel; already at Wolfram it is used to glorify the organization of knightly orders (primarily templars ), later on this part of the plot gets its independent development, merging with the apocryphal story of Joseph of Arimathea and growing into a huge cycle of novels about the Holy Grail (most important processing: the prosaic already mentioned above the 13th century Perceval le Gallois novel, the prosaic Perceval from the collection of A. Firmin-Didot, the prosaic Queste de St. Graal, Le grand St. Graal and their later alterations in various European languages), in which Percival ig AET has a minor role or no giving way to a knight-ascetic - virginal Galahad , the son of a sinner, but the greatest of knights - Lancelot .

The literature on Percival is enormous, coinciding in large part with the literature on the entire cycle of novels of the Round Table. The complex structure of the Percival plot with the research methods prevailing in medieval studies - philological and comparative-historical - could not but cause fierce disputes, the main points of which are: the question of the sources of individual elements of the plot, in particular the question of the initial meaning of the Grail, the question of the original form of the plot ( in particular, the correlation of the French and German versions) and the question of where the plot originated.

No matter how useful these findings are for understanding the individual sources of Percival, in particular for understanding the relationship between the Celtic and French, pre-Christian and Christian elements as a whole, they nevertheless lead us away from genuine monuments with their complex content relevant to knighthood of the 12th-14th centuries into the region schematic reconstructions. The witnessed cycle of Percival, with its sublimation of chivalry as a redeemer of mankind, with its dense layering of extra-church, extraterritorial apocryphal mysticism, with its pathos of asceticism , gradually replacing the more mundane glorification of the chivalrous courtesy, is waiting for its history.

A significant contribution to the popularization of the medieval character in the late XIX and early XX centuries was the opera (the original designation of the genre - "solemn stage mystery") by Richard Wagner (1882).

In 1982, the International Astronomical Union named the crater on Saturn’s satellite Mimas the name Partzifal .

From the vast literature of the question, only the most important works are cited:

• Birch-Hirschfeld A., Die Sage vom Gral, Lpz., 1877
• Heinzel R .., Ueber die franz. Gralromane, Wien, 1891
• Nutt A., Studies on the Legend of the Grail, L., 1888
• Nutt A., The Legends of the Holy Grail, L., 1902
• Weston JL, The Legend of Sir Perceval, 2 vv., L., 1906-1909
• Hertz W., Parzival von Wolfram von Eschenbach, Stuttgart, 1914 (comments)
• Wechssler E., Die Sage vom heiligen Gral, Halle, 1902
• Baist, Parzival u. der Gral, Freiburg, 1909
• Staerk W., Ueber den Ursprung der Grallegende, Tübingen, 1903
• Junk V., Gralsage u. Graldichtung des Mittelalters, Wien, 1912
• Weston JL, The Quest of the Holy Grail, v. I, L., 1913
• Golther W., Parzival und der Gral in der Dichtung des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, Stuttgart, 1925.

Literature

• The Royal Idyll , poem by Alfred Tennyson (1859–1885)

Music

• Parsifal , opera by Richard Wagner (1882)

Cinema

• Knights of the Round Table ( 1953 ; USA ), film directed by Richard Thorpe , in the role of Percival Gabriel Wolf
• Perceval Walleitz / Perceval le Gallois ( 1978 ; France , Italy , Germany ), in the role of Perceval Fabrice Lucini
• Partzival is the protagonist of the movie " 2019: After the Fall of New York ."
• Persephal is the nickname ( avatar ) of the protagonist of the feature film " First Player Get Ready", 2018, directed by Stephen Spielberg . According to the plot of the film, participants in the virtual game "Oasis" are looking for the main prize "Easter Egg", which allows the winner to inherit the huge wealth left by the creator of the game, and ownership of the game itself.

• Partzipal // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Tungsten von Eschenbach . Partzifal
• The article uses the text from the Literary Encyclopedia of 1929-1939 , which passed into the public domain , since the author - RS - died in 1939.