Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

The etymology of the name is associated with the self-name of two main groups of northern peoples - Khanty ^[13] and Mansi ^[14] (in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug there are less numerous groups of other peoples of the Far North and the Middle Ob). In the Middle Ages, the word Ugra was used to refer to the peoples and territories beyond the Northern Urals, and this historical word was introduced in the name of the Autonomous Okrug in 2003.

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra occupies the central part of the West Siberian Plain , stretching from west to east for almost 1,400 km - from the Ural Range to the Ob-Yenisei watershed. It borders with the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District , Krasnoyarsk Territory , Tomsk Region , Tyumen Region , Sverdlovsk Region and the Komi Republic . From north to south, the district extends for approximately 800 km , located between 58º30 ′ and 65º30 ′ north latitude. The length of the boundaries of the district is 4750 km ^[15] .

The territory of the okrug is a vast, slightly dissected plain with absolute elevations, rarely reaching 200 m above sea level. In the west on the territory of the okrug spurs and ridges of the mountain system of the Northern and Subpolar Urals come in. This part of the territory of the okrug is characterized by low- and mid-mountain relief (in the Subpolar Urals - with alpine features). The length of the mountainous region is 450 km with a width of 30-40 km. Within the mountain system of the Subpolar Urals on the border with the Republic of Komi, there are maximum elevations in absolute heights in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra - up to 1895 m (Mount Narodnaya ).

The largest cities are Surgut (373 940 ^[16] people), Nizhnevartovsk (276 503 ^[16] people), Nefteyugansk (127 710 ^[16] people).

The district is located in the time zone of Yekaterinburg time . The UTC offset relative to +5: 00. The difference with Moscow is 2 hours.

Climate

The climate of the district is temperate continental , characterized by a rapid change in weather conditions, especially in transitional periods - from autumn to winter and from spring to summer. Climate formation is significantly affected by the protection of the territory from the west by the Ural Range and the openness of the territory from the north, which facilitates the penetration of cold Arctic masses. Winters are harsh and long with a steady snow cover, summers are short and relatively warm.

The average January temperature in the district fluctuates between −18 ... −24 ° C. The lowest air temperatures (up to −62 ° C) were recorded on December 20–21, 2016 at the Bolshoi Olkhovskoye field in Beloyarsky district ^[17] .

In summer, the prevailing north wind direction, in contrast to winter, when the south wind is more often observed. Annual precipitation is 400-620 mm ^[18] .

The annual duration of sunshine in the district is 1600-1900 hours.

Beloyarsky and Berezovsky districts are assigned to the Far North regions by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation ^[19]

Flora

Flora of Ugra totals over 800 species of higher plants ^[20] . The territory of Ugra belongs to two botanical and geographical areas: the Ural mountain and the West Siberian plain. The main part is located within the West Siberian plain botanical and geographical area, which is characterized by a distinct zonal division of vegetation. Within the district, subzones of the northern, middle and southern taiga are distinguished, but almost the entire territory of the district is located within the same natural zone - taiga forests. Most of the territory is occupied by a very swampy taiga. In the northern regions, permafrost has a great influence on the composition of vegetation.

Vegetation is represented by communities of forests, marshes, meadows, ponds, mountain tundra . The forest cover of the okrug is 52% ^[21] . The zone of middle taiga dominates. It is represented by dark coniferous, light coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests. They grow spruce , cedar , larch , fir , pine . Pine forests are replaced by dark coniferous ones with increasing waterlogging and on sandy river terraces, manes and uvules, where white-moss burs form. Lingonberry pine forests often represent secondary forests in place of burnt dark coniferous taiga . Meadow vegetation is confined to the floodplains of the rivers and lowlands. Lichen communities used as deer pastures are widespread in the northern regions. Forests and swamps are rich in fruit and food species of vegetation: cranberries , lingonberries , blueberries , blueberries , currants , cloudberries , raspberries , rose hips , bird cherry , mountain ash .

Fauna

The fauna of mammals of Ugra is quite rich and is a typical taiga complex, which includes about 50 species belonging to six orders.

The vertebrate fauna numbers 369 species . Mammals are represented by 60 species, 28 of which are commercial. The most common and valuable in economic terms are: fox , arctic fox , squirrel , sable , pine marten , ermine , columns , wild boar , weasel , otter , white hare , bear , elk , wolf , etc. European mink is listed in the Red Book of Russia, Wolverine and West Siberian River Beaver .

The avifauna of the district is represented by 256 bird species, including 206 settled and nesting species. The most numerous units are passerine , Charadriiformes and Anseriformes . The basis of the hunting fauna ( 48 species ) is formed by geese (gray and white-faced), capercaillie , grouse , grouse , grouse , ducks (mallard, sharp-tailed, elk, blacknet, shirokonoska, teal, etc.), waders (turukhtan, ulitsa, morodunka, godwits, curlews, snipe, hollow, garnish, woodcock, etc.). Of the predators, it should be especially noted the goshawk , moor eared , eared owl .

In rivers and lakes, 42 species of fish are found. Of these, only 19 are commercial - these are sterlet , peled (cheese), chir (chokur), whitefish (pyzhyan), Sosvinsky herring (tugun), burbot , pike , ide , roach , bream , dace , perch , ruff , gold and silver crucian carp . The species listed in the Red Book is sturgeon , rare and in need of protection - taimen, muksun and nelma [1] .

Hydrography

The main rivers are the Ob and its lower tributary, Irtysh . Significant rivers of the district are the tributaries of the Ob - right: Vakh , Agan , Tromyogan , Lyamin , Pim , Nazym , Kazym ; left: Bolshoi Yugan , Bolshoi Salym , Severnaya Sosva , as well as the tributaries of the Irtysh - the Konda River, Sogom .

The largest lakes of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug are Kondinsky Sor , Tormemtor , Leushinsky Fog , Piltanlor , Tursuntsky Fog , Syrkovoye and others ^[22] .

Territory formation

The territory of modern Ugra is a place of special culture and amazing history, the origins of which go back to the times of the late Ice Age . The formation of the geological landscape took place about 250 thousand years ago, when an 80-meter high hill appeared on the territory of the modern district, a small mountain range called the Samarovsky remnant . The modern city of Khanty-Mansiysk is located at its eastern foot ^[23] .

Human development

Currently, the Paleolithic site discovered by archaeologists at the Lugovskoye site is considered to be the oldest place of tribal people. People’s stay here are attributed to the second half of Sartan time ^[24] (10-15 thousand years ago) ^[25] . The most famous find here is the thoracic vertebra of a female mammoth , punched with a stone spear tip ^{[26] [27] [28]} .

The northernmost Paleolithic site in Western Siberia, Komudvana dates back at least 10 thousand years ago ^[29] .

The Stone Age burial ground in the tract " Barsova Gora " dates back to the age of 7 thousand liters. N., also in the tract there are several settlements of the Bronze Age (4 thousand years ago), monuments of three cultures of the early Iron Age (from the 7th century BC), two burial grounds and the sanctuary of Kulaysky culture (middle of the 1st millennium AD - the middle of the 1st millennium AD) ^[30] .

On the Lyapin River, a Neolithic settlement was discovered on Cape Chesty-yag ^[31] .

Population Formation

Special Ugra peoples were first recorded on this territory in ancient Russian chronicles. The Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences indicates that such are the “ Tale of Bygone Years ” and the text of the famous “ Vladimir Monomakh ’s Teachings ”, which records the story of 1118 by the Novgorod settler Gyurat Rogovich, who organized the collection of tribute to Veliky Novgorod from people on Pechora ^[32] . A detachment of combatants went further east [from the Northern Urals] and found here "the land [country] of Ugra" ^[33] :

... Ugra, on the other hand , is people with an incomprehensible language, and they are adjacent to the self-eater in the northern countries.

The inhabitants of Ugra also reported to those warriors that "... even further north, where the high mountains border the sea, there are people imprisoned in the mountains" ^{[34] [35]} .

In connection with the establishment of the first mention of Ugra in historical chronicles, the house began in 1118 in 2016 in the district in the district a public movement to create an educational program "Centuries-old Ugra." On behalf of the governor of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, N. V. Komarova , who supported the social movement, in 2017 the Okrug Government adopted a comprehensive project plan for the “ Centennial Ugra ” dedicated to the 900th anniversary of the first mention of Ugra in Russian historical annals . In 2018, the leading scientists of Ugra, led by the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, began the creation of the academic history of Ugra as an integral part of the history of Russia.

The history of the administrative-territorial formation

The year 1118, as the time of recording information about Ugra and its people in the final edition of The Tale of Bygone Years , was fully supported by the famous researcher of the Old Russian annals M. D. Priselkov ^[36] .

In the period before the emergence of the Golden Horde in Eurasia, the history of the Ugra peoples through the migration processes of the "great ethnic movement" on the mainland turned out to be connected with the histories of both the Volga Bulgaria, and the Hungarians, and with the influence of Pomeranian merchants who traveled along the Ob and Yenisei to Baikal and the northern further to China for exotic goods. The clan tribes of the Khanty and Mansi also interacted with the surrounding tribes of Samoyeds , Selkups , Nenets , Ostyaks, Chukchi , Yakuts and other peoples of the North.

During the heyday of the Golden Horde, Siberian peoples, including new peoples migrating here from China and Central Asia, were under the rule of the Horde khans, who not only demanded yasak from them, but also forced them to participate in military affairs. In the Late Horde period, a separate part of the Golden Horde was formed under the rule of the Siberian-Tatar princes - the Siberian Kingdom (according to Russian chronicles) or the White Horde ^[37] . In 1555, the rulers of the Siberian kingdom, the Tatar princes Ediger and Bekbulat, voluntarily included this part of Siberia into the Moscow kingdom. However, years later, the Nogai-Horde Khan Kuchum seized power and in the second half of the 16th century began to pursue a policy of war against the Russian Empire, together with the Crimean Tatar Khan. After Yermak’s return campaign, Kuchum’s power shook (all the northern Siberian peoples ceased to obey him and pay yasak) and then he was completely defeated by Russian troops. Many Siberian peoples, following the Tomsk Tatars, voluntarily became part of the Russian state and, retaining their originality, began to pay the burdensome yasak to the Russian tsar.

The Kod principality (Koda) in the XV-XVII centuries was located on both banks of the Ob between the mouths of its tributaries Irtysh and Kazym, approximately occupying the territories that now belong to the Oktyabrsky district.

On the territory of the posad at the end of the 16th century - the beginning of the 17th century, a birch bark letter was found in Berezovo ^[38] .

During the reign of Catherine the Great, several administrative and territorial transformations of the Siberian kingdom (Tobolsk governorship) took place and the territory of modern Yugra became part of the vast Tobolsk province (Berezovsky, Tobolsk, Surgut and Pelymsky counties), inside which there were both ordinary volosts, and yasak volosts and governments - where self-government was carried out under the authority of local tribal and clan princes.

As a result of the October Revolution and the ensuing Civil War, the Tobolsk province in 1920-1921. On the whole, it was transformed into the Tyumen province . In the years 1923-1925. the country underwent zoning reform, and by Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 3, 1923, the territory became part of the enlarged Ural region of the RSFSR .

Further administrative-territorial reform led to changes in the Ural region and from its composition on December 10, 1930 the Ostyak-Vogul national district was formed with a center in the city of Ostyako-Vogulsk founded on the site of the village of Samarovo (from October 23, 1940 - the city of Khanty-Mansiysk , ). Since 1978, the national district was transformed into the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug ( Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), which in 2003 received its current name - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra ^[39] .

XX Century and Modernity

From 1930 to 1934 the district was part of the Urals region ( Sverdlovsk , now Yekaterinburg ), in 1934 - the Ob-Irtysh region ( Tyumen ), from 1944 to the present day it legally enters the Tyumen region , but in 1993 the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug received autonomy and became full subject of the Russian Federation .

The collectivization of agriculture , which was carried out by force, began in the late 1920s. Farms with the complete socialization of deer began to be created in the okrug ^[40] . Such a policy provoked in the years 1931-1934 two armed demonstrations by the Khanty and Nenets .

In 1930-1932, 37,400 special migrants ( dispossessed peasants ) were sent to the Ostyak-Vogulsky District. Of these, 11,200 people were sent to the fishing industry, 11,400 to the integrated cooperation system, the rest to logging and construction. With their participation, the district and district centers were built, production capacities of the Khanty-Mansiysk timber industry enterprise, Belogorsky woodworking plant, Samarovsky fish canning plant were commissioned and mastered. One of the leading industries in the okrug was forestry. In 1934, the first steps were taken to search and explore oil and gas in the district ^{[41] [42]} .

On September 21, 1953, in A. Bystritsky’s exploration batch in Berezovo , natural gas was obtained for the first time in Western Siberia at the R-1 well. On June 23, 1960, the drilling crew, S. N. Urusov, for the first time in Western Siberia found oil in the Shaim area. Then followed the discoveries of many other oil and gas fields. Along with the commercial exploitation of oil and gas fields, the forest industry was developing in the okrug. An important role in this was played by the construction of the Ivdel - Priobye railway ^[42] .

An important historical event in the history of Ugra was the holding of the Russia and the European Union summit on June 26–27, 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk. The event was attended by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev , Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Jansha , European Commission President Jose Barroso , EU Council Secretary General Javier Solana .

Ugra also declared itself as a territory of international sports and championships, especially in biathlon.

In 2018, the project “ 900: Centuries-old Ugra ” was launched, which is part of the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the Ugra Land.

The population of the district is 1,663,795 people (2019; 1.13% of the population of the Russian Federation). The population density is 3.11 people / km² (2019), the proportion of the urban population is 91.86 ^[58] % (2018). Yugra traditionally takes one of the first places in terms of fertility and one of the last in terms of mortality among regions with a predominantly Russian population.

According to the censuses of 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002 and 2010 , the national composition of the district’s population was as follows:

There is an intensive influx of Muslim migrants ^[60] .

Khanty

The Khanty are one of the small ethnic groups of the North, belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic community, which is divided into two groups: the Finno-Permian and Ugric. In the Ugric language group, two subgroups are distinguished: the Danubian Ugrians, Hungarians are among them, as well as Ob Ugrians, which include the Khanty and Mansi.

The territory on which the Khanty originally live is quite extensive. Historically, they are settled in the Ob River basin (from Narym to Salekhard) and its many tributaries. Currently, the Khanty occupy most of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra (except for the western regions of the Okrug, where Mansi are settled), as well as the south-west of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the north-east of Tomsk Oblast. According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the total number of the Khanty ethnic group is 30,943 people. Of these, 19068 people live in Ugra, that is 61.6% of the total number of all Khanty people; in Yamal - 9489 people, that is, 30.7% of all Khanty people and 718 people live in the Tomsk Region - 2.3% of the total population. A total of 14,134 men and 16,809 women. 9584 people speak their native Khanty language, that is, 30.9%, and 21359 people, that is, 69% of the total number of nationalities no longer speak it [2] .

Occupying a vast territory, the Khanty historically coexist with other peoples: in the north they border with the Nenets, in the west with the Komi and Mansi, in the east with the Selkups and Evenks, and in the south with the Siberian Tatars.

The term χănti ext. from the Khanty language means 'people who have successfully settled down or attached to one territory'. In addition to the above, there is another common folk version of the origin of the word Khanty. This term can also come from the Khanty noun χătneχu - 'person'.

In the early twentieth century, the Khanty was called the Ostyaks - the collective name of the peoples of Siberia and the Urals. Since 1940, the self-name of the Khanty people has been used, including in place names.

Mansi

Mansi is a people living in the northwestern part of Siberia along the left bank of the Ob River and along its tributaries (within the Khanty-Mansiysk, partially Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Districts of the Tyumen Region). Several dozen families live in the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions (in the upper reaches of the Vishera River).

The total number of Mansi according to the 2010 census was 12269 people, so far the number of people who speak the national language is less than 1000. The ethnonym "Mansi" is formed from the self-name of the people, goes back to the ancient generic name Mons, Monsieur (man). In the old scientific literature, people were called vogul , vogul. As the official name, the ethnonym "Mansi" was adopted in 1940. Этноним «вогулы», сохранившийся по сей день, например, в немецком языке ( Wogul, wogulisch) .

Манси относятся к семье финно-угорских народов. Угорскую ветвь из них составляют манси, ханты и венгры. В мансийском языке выделяется четыре наречия или диалектные группы (северная, восточная, западная, южная), из которых сохранились лишь северная и восточная. Северная группа манси проживает в бассейне реки Северная Сосьва с притоком реки Ляпин , в верховьях рек Лозьвы и Пелыма. Восточная группа — реки Конда и её притоков. В северном наречии около шести говоров, в основу письменного языка положен сосьвинский диалект. Письменность появилась в 30-х годах XX века. Несмотря на это, манси владеют богатым устным народным творчеством, в котором отразилась история, система моральных, философских и нравственных ценностей, выработанных на протяжении веков.

Хозяйственная деятельность народа манси, ведущих традиционный образ жизни, находится в тесной зависимости от природных условий, главное естественное богатство в местах заселения — это лес и река. Постоянное пребывание в тайге выработало у народа тонкую наблюдательность, умение ориентироваться на местности и оценивать её с точки зрения годности или негодности для хозяйственных или промысловых занятий.

В настоящее время в связи с промышленным освоением Югры изменилась и жизнь манси. Большая часть населения проживает в городах, имеет современные профессии. Учёным — представителям родного народа, сегодня принадлежит одна из основных ролей в сохранении языка, традиций, обрядов.

As part of the administrative-territorial structure , the Autonomous Okrug is divided into administrative-territorial units : 13 cities of district significance ( Kogalym (with the village of Ortyagun ), Langepas , Megion (with the urban village of Vysoky ), Nefteyugansk , Nizhnevartovsk , Nyagan , Pokachi , Pyt-Yakh , Rainbow , Soviet , Surgut , Uraj , Hunts-Mansyisk , Ugorsk ) and 9 parts ( Beloyarskiy area , Biaroza area , Kondinsky district , Nefteyugansky area , Nizhnevartovsky area , October area , Soviet area , Surgutsky area , Hunts-Mansijsky district )

In the framework of the municipal structure , within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units, 105 municipalities were formed :

• 13 urban districts ,
• 9 municipal districts ;
  • 26 urban settlements ,
  • 57 rural settlements ^[61] .

History of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

It was founded on December 10, 1930 as part of the Ural Region under the name of the Ostyak-Vogul National District with its center in the village of Samarovo . In December 1930, 5 km from the village, the construction of a new district center began. In February 1932, the First Circuit Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on naming the district center as Ostyako-Vogulsk .

Included in the formation: Beryozovsky and Kondinsky districts, Muzhevsky village council, Shuryshkarsky native Ostyak district of the Obdorsky district, Samarovsky district , Surgut district (except for the upper reaches of the Pur river in the Ural region) and the Laryaksky Ostyak native region of the West Siberian Territory .

It is divided into 6 districts : Berezovsky , Kondinsky , Laryaksky , Samarovsky , Surgutsky , Shuryshkarsky . The creation of the Lumpokolsky District was also envisaged, but it was never formed.

• January 17, 1934 the district became part of the Ob-Irtysh region .
• December 7, 1934 the district became part of the Omsk region .
• In 1936, the settlement of Ostyako-Vogulsk was transformed into the river. v. Ostyako-Vogulsk .
• On July 4, 1937, the Mikoyanovsky District was formed.
• September 10, 1937 Shuryshkarsky district was transferred to the Yamalo-Nenets National District .
• On October 23, 1940, the Ostyak-Vogul National District was renamed Khanty-Mansiysk, p. p. Ostyako-Vogulsk - in the river. Khanty-Mansiysk
• August 14, 1944 included in the Tyumen region .
• January 27, 1950 Khanty-Mansiysk was transformed into a city of district significance.
• December 13, 1957 Mikoyanovsky district was renamed October .
• February 24, 1962 Laryak district was renamed Nizhnevartovsk .
• On September 14, 1964, the Samarovsky district was renamed the Khanty-Mansiysk .
• June 25, 1965 n. Surgut and p. n. Urai transformed into cities of district significance.
• October 16, 1967 Nefteyugansk was transformed into a city of district significance.
• February 15, 1968 formed the Soviet district .
• March 9, 1972 n. Nizhnevartovsk transformed into the city of Nizhnevartovsk district subordination.
• On October 7, 1977, in accordance with the new Constitution, the district received autonomous status.
• July 23, 1980 Megion was transformed into a city of district subordination, the Nefteyugansk district was formed .
• August 15, 1985 p. Kogalym, p. p. Langepas and p. n. Rainbow assigned to the category of cities of district subordination, p. Nyakh was transformed into the city of Nyagan of district subordination.
• On August 22, 1988, the city of Beloyarsky district subordination and the Beloyarsky district were formed .
• August 6, 1990 Pyt-Yakh village of Nefteyugansk region was transformed into the city of district subordination Pyt-Yah .
• July 13, 1992 Komsomolsky was transformed into the city of Yugorsk of regional subordination, p. p. Pokachi transformed into a city of district subordination, p. Lyantorsky settlement was transformed into Lyantor city ​​of regional subordination.
• On February 5, 1996, towns and districts became municipalities.
• On May 31, 1996, administrative-territorial units were determined: districts, cities of district significance, cities of regional significance, village councils (rural districts), towns, villages and other settlements.
• December 23, 1996, Yugorsk was assigned to cities of district significance, the town of Sovetskiy was assigned to cities of district significance.

Settlements

Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people :

General structure of the economy

The economy of the Autonomous Okrug has priority sectors for hydrocarbon production, and the Autonomous Okrug is also developing energy , construction , transport infrastructure and other industries. Currently, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is the main oil and gas region of Russia and one of the largest oil producing regions in the world, it belongs to the donor regions of Russia and leads in a number of key economic indicators:

I - for oil production;

I - for the production of electricity;

II - in terms of industrial production;

II - for gas production;

II - on the receipt of taxes in the budget system;

III - by the volume of investments in fixed assets.

The dominant position in the industrial structure of industry is occupied by the oil and gas industry , which accounts for 81.1%, the electric power industry - 6.5%, and manufacturing - 12.4% ^[63] .

Oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area is carried out by 51 enterprises, 33 of which are part of vertically integrated oil companies, 18 are independent companies ^[64] . As of 2013, there were 467 hydrocarbon deposits in the Okrug, including 406 oil, 22 gas and gas condensate, 39 oil and gas condensate, oil and gas and gas and oil fields. The largest - Samotlor, Fedorov, Mamontov, Priobsk.

For 9 large vertically integrated oil companies : Rosneft PJSC (RN-Yuganskneftegaz LLC), Surgutneftegas OJSC, LUKOIL PJSC, Slavneft Oil and Gas Company OJSC, Gazprom Neft PJSC, Salym Petroleum Development N.V. ”, JSC NK“ RussNeft ”, OJSC“ Tomskneft ”VNK, PJSC ANK“ Bashneft ”the volume of oil production amounted to 99% of the total production in the district ^[65] .

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug there are 6 oil refineries and 9 gas processing enterprises. The leader in terms of production of light petroleum products is the Surgut Gas Condensate Stabilization Plant named after V. S. Chernomyrdin, OOO Gazprom Pererabotka ^[65] .

The stability of the electric power complex is ensured by OJSC “ Surgutskaya GRES-1 ”, OJSC “ Surgutskaya GRES-2 ”, OJSC “ Nizhnevartovskaya GRES ” and “ Nyaganskaya GRES ”, with a total installed capacity of more than 12.1 GW ^[66] . At the end of 2016, the Ugra power system generated a record 92.6 billion kilowatt hours ^[67] .

In Ugra, production complexes have been created to produce wood products, with the exception of pulp and paper production .

Alluvial gold is mined in the okrug (forecast gold reserves exceed 216 tons), vein quartz and collection raw materials. Brown and coal deposits have been discovered. Deposits of iron ores, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, manifestations of bauxite, etc. were found ^[68] .

Transport

The main transportations of goods and goods in the region are carried out by water and rail ; 29% is transported by road, and 2% is transported by aviation .

River transport leads its history from the oldest transportations of goods along the Ob and Irtysh, carried out (according to historians and archaeologists) even 2-3 thousand years ago, it was the northern branch of the Great Silk Road from Far Asia to Europe. Transport received rapid development in the 19th century, when the Ob-Irtysh basin, with access to the Yenisei along the Ob-Yenisei Canal , intensively mastered the shipping associations of Tomsk merchants. In the middle and second half of the 20th century, the intensification of the development of this transport was associated with the development of the Ob North and the implementation of the USSR Oil Project in the country. In the 1990s and in the new, 21st century, transport remains relevant and in demand, the so-called “northern delivery” is carried out annually with the start of spring navigation on small rivers. The disadvantages of this type of transport include seasonality: navigation is carried out from May (June) to October, and for many small rivers, due to their shallowing, only in June-July.

The total length of railways in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is 1106 km .

The length of roads is more than 18,000 km .

Long-range aviation connects most of the large cities of the district with Moscow , St. Petersburg , Samara , Krasnodar, Sochi, etc. Small aviation (small planes, helicopters) is the basis of transport logistics for the oil and gas sector of the economy and for providing social programs for small peoples of the North living in remote locations.

Construction

Construction is one of the effectively developing industries of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra.

In 2016, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 803 thousand m² of housing were commissioned, of which 110 thousand m² were individual housing construction. High rates of mortgage lending remain, for 2016, 16 thousand mortgage loans were issued, which is 35.6% more than in the previous one.

Work continues on the elimination of buildings (beams) adapted for living - a legacy from the time of oil and gas development in the North. By 2017, half of urban districts and municipal districts had buildings adapted for living ^[69] .

Reindeer husbandry

For hundreds of years, reindeer husbandry has been the basis of the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North. Therefore, in our time it can be considered with full confidence as an ethnosaving kind of traditional culture. In the 1990s, the number of deer decreased from 50 to 25 thousand animals in 2000 ^[70] . Then the situation improved, and in 2010 there were 33 thousand deer in Ugra ^[70] . Currently, the industry is gradually expanding, the number of deer is being restored ^[71] . In 2015, the number of animals amounted to 39,248 animals (with the prospect of increasing to 46,620 animals by 2020). In Ugra, more than 2,000 people are employed in the field of reindeer husbandry (11/21/2015).

The cultural landscape of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is determined by both the dominant population and the population having distinctive features of the peoples of the North (primarily the Khanty , Mansi , Nenets , Selkups , etc.), the revival and development of spirituality of which has become a national task of the Russian Federation. Since 2013, in the region, a strategy for the policy of state authorities in the field of culture has been adopted; annually the Government of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra makes a report to the Duma of the Autonomous Okrug on these activities ^{[72] [73]} .

The Government of Ugra pays special attention to the prosperous and sustainable development of the peoples of the North living in the region. In 2016, the ritual complex of the northern Khanty “ Bear Games ”, restored at the initiative of the Mansi writer Juvan Shestalov ^[74] , was included in the federal catalog of intangible cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia and received additional support from the state.

The general infrastructure of cultural institutions in the Autonomous Okrug includes numerous historical and local history and anthropological museums and organizations, libraries , educational institutions (including ethnographic groups), theaters , cinemas , scientific groups, objects of spirituality and faith , places with attractions of the region.

Since 2003, the district has hosted the International Festival of Cinematic Debuts " Spirit of Fire ". The idea of ​​creating a film festival belongs to film director Sergei Solovyov , and one of its organizers was actor and director Alexander Abdulov , who for five years was vice president of The Spirit of Fire. The IFCD program includes an international competition and a competition of Russian debuts. ^[75]

In the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug there are 30 higher educational institutions , including branches of universities in other regions of Russia ^[76] .

Most of all, 12 branches of universities operate in the largest city of the district, Surgut .

Ugra State University is located in Khanty-Mansiysk , which has branches in several cities of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In total, there are 6 higher educational institutions in the city.

In Nizhnevartovsk, there are 12 institutions of higher education (mainly engineering and technical oil and gas specialization), which are mainly branches of the largest Russian and Siberian universities .

In Nefteyugansk there are 4 branches of engineering universities and 2 general humanitarian.

A system of technical schools and colleges has been developed, where young people receive primary and secondary specialized technical vocational education. The system began to be created in the 1930s with the organization of a pedagogical school , feldsher-obstetric and trade-cooperative schools , and vocational schools ^[77] .

In each settlement, schools of the system of general complete secondary education are deployed. In addition, all sorts of private educational institutions of additional professional training, civil defense, emergency assistance and fire safety, security structures are actively developing in administrative centers.

Indigenous peoples are taught their native languages ​​in the area. In the 1990s, the number of children studying the Mansi and Khanty languages ​​increased sharply ^[78] . If in 1990 287 children studied the Mansi language in schools, and 1089 children studied Khanty, then in 2003 these numbers grew to 1884 and 3098 students , respectively ^[78] . Since 2016, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra has been hosting the “Frontal Dictation” in the languages ​​of the Khanty , Mansi and Nenets peoples ^[79] .

In 2016, the state guarantee program for providing free medical care to residents of Ugra amounted to more than 59 billion rubles. Costs per inhabitant increased to 36 thousand per year.

According to the results of 2016, Ugra is among the leaders of the Russian Federation with the best indicators of natural population growth. The birth rate (births per 1000 population) is 15.8.

In Ugra, the program "Zemsky Doctor" ^[80] is being successfully implemented. From 2012 to 2016, 244 doctors came to work in the district, 200 of them to rural medical institutions.

The Autonomous Okrug is aggressively developing high-tech medicine. В 2016 году более 13 тысяч югорчан смогли получить высокотехнологичную медицинскую помощь, не выезжая за пределы Югры.

Учитывая значительную территорию региона, особое значение имеет развитие санитарной авиации . В Югре действует более 100 вертолётных площадок, где может приземлиться борт санитарной авиации, круглосуточно дежурит авиационная техника, которая обеспечивает эвакуацию более 2 тысяч пациентов в год. ^[81]

Физкультура и спорт

Постоянно растёт доля населения автономного округа, систематически занимающегося физической культурой и спортом, в настоящее время она составляет 32,5 % от общего числа югорчан.

Для внедрения всероссийского физкультурно-спортивного комплекса ГТО создано 26 центров тестирования в муниципальных образованиях и региональный центр ГТО .

За 2016 год показатель удовлетворённости населения условиями для занятий физической культурой и спортом в Югре составил 83,6 %. ^[82]

Ежегодно с 2001 года проводится Кубок губернатора по гребле на обласах — лодках, выдолбленных из целого ствола кедра или осины.

Автономный округ позиционирует себя как место крупнейших спортивных соревнований международного уровня. В марте 2003 года в Центре лыжного спорта им. Филипенко в Ханты-Мансийске впервые в России состоялся Чемпионат мира по биатлону , в 2011 году Ханты-Мансийск вновь принимал Чемпионат мира по биатлону . С 20 сентября по 4 октября 2010 года в Ханты-Мансийске прошла 39-я Шахматная олимпиада при участии 153-х команд. XVIII зимние Сурдлимпийские игры открылись в Ханты-Мансийске 28 марта 2015 года. В них приняли участие 344 атлета из 27 стран мира. Одним из важных событий 2017 года в столице Югры стало проведение второй Всероссийской зимней Спартакиады инвалидов . Для проведения Спартакиады задействуются горнолыжный комплекс «Хвойный урман», «Центр зимних видов спорта имени Александра Филипенко» и Ледовый дворец ^[83] .

24 марта — 2 апреля 2017 года состоялся Чемпионат России по лыжным гонкам в «Центре зимних видов спорта имени Александра Филипенко», в котором участвовало 600 спортсменов из 60 регионов Российской Федерации ^[83] .

8 апреля 2017 года в Югре прошёл Международный лыжный марафон «Ugraloppet» ^[83] .

Югра обладает уникальными природными и культурно-историческими ресурсами для развития туризма. На территории региона находятся значимые памятники истории и культуры , музеи, театры , археологические комплексы, имеется современная инфраструктура для любителей культурно-познавательного, рекреационного и активного отдыха.

Ханты-Мансийск является центром событийного туризма , здесь проводятся многочисленные международные мероприятия:

• спортивные чемпионаты мира и России — по биатлону , лыжным гонкам , шахматам , конкуру , хоккею ;
• международный IT-Форум с участием стран БРИКС и ШОС ;
• международный фестиваль кинематографических дебютов «Дух огня» ;
• международная экологическая акция «Спасти и сохранить»
  and many others.

В 2017 году Ханты-Мансийск — место проведения общероссийского событийного мероприятия «Новогодняя столица России 2017—2018» ^[84] .

В автономном округе расположены 2 государственных природных заповедника: « Юганский » и « Малая Сосьва », 4 природных парка, 8 заказников. Специальные маршруты по экологическим тропам, организация эколого-этнографических экспедиций дают возможность туристам познакомиться с экосистемой региона и его историко-культурным наследием.

Two great Siberian rivers - Irtysh and Ob - merge on the territory of Ugra, forming a unique place of natural strength. This place has been considered sacred for centuries by representatives of local indigenous peoples of the North. In 2013, at the confluence, 20 km from Khanty-Mansiysk, the first floating chapel in Russia was installed, which was consecrated by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia .

According to a 2012 study, 38.1% of the Ugra population adheres to Orthodoxy , 5% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% of the population indicated that they adhere to Slavic Rodnoverie and Old Believers, the rest adhere to the religions of the peoples of the Russian North (mainly Khanty and Mansi ). In the region, the proportion of Muslims (primarily the Tatars here) is 11%. In addition, 23% of the population say that they are supporters of spirituality without religious identification, 11% declare themselves to be atheists. 10.9% did not answer the question of their religious or atheistic identification. ^[85] .

The Khanty-Mansiysk diocese was formed on May 30, 2011 by the decision of the Holy Synod with its separation from the Tobolsk-Tyumen diocese . The Synod elected Archimandrite Paul (Fokine) ^[86] , rector of the St. Nicholas Stavropegic Parish of Rome, as bishop of the Khanty-Mansiysk. On the eve of the new, 2015, it was decided within the administrative borders of Beloyarsky, Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky districts, as well as Ugra , Nyagan, Urai to form the Ugra diocese , separating it from the Khanty-Mansi diocese. The clergyman of the Irkutsk diocese, Archimandrite Photius (Yevtikheev) , who will be awarded the title "Ugra and Nyagan", was appointed bishop of the newly formed diocese. And within the region, the Khanty-Mansiysk Metropolis was formed , which includes the Khanty-Mansiysk and Ugra Dioceses. Metropolitan of Khanty-Mansiysk and Surgut Pavel was appointed its head.

The district is proud of its people who glorified their land, living in the harsh conditions of the North. Among them are Heroes of the country who have shown themselves in military affairs and in hard work; cultural figures (including poets , writers , playwrights , artists , sculptors , architects , theater and cinema artists, music figures), scientists , military leaders, statesmen.

• Heroes of the First World War - complete St. George Knights (1914-1916)
• Heroes of the Soviet Union ( Great Patriotic War , 1941-1945)
• Full Knights of the Order of Glory ( World War II , 1941-1945)
• Heroes of Socialist Labor (1938-1991)

Each city, each district of Ugra has its own memorable attractions.

In general, the following are particularly famous in the district:

• The Samarovsky Chugas Natural Park is located in the interfluve of two large rivers of the North - the Ob and Irtysh . Samarovsky Chugas is a unique formation that is interesting to absolutely all tourists who come to Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The word "Chugas", translated from the language of the Khanty peoples, means a wooded island , which is located in the middle of the floodplain. Samarovo is the former name of Khanty-Mansiysk . On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug there are only three objects with the name "Chugas", the most beautiful and famous of them is Samarovsky.
• Archeopark is a cultural and tourist complex, a landmark of the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. It is a branch of the Khanty-Mansiysk Museum of Nature and Man. ^[87]
• Ethnographic open-air museum Torum Maa . Opened in 1987. The museum is kept by representatives of two indigenous peoples of the district - Khanty and Mansi . The place for this was not chosen by chance - this is the confluence of two large rivers, the Ob and Irtysh . The very name of the museum “Torum Maa” in translation from the language of the Mansi peoples means “Sacred Land”. This ethnographic museum gives a reliable reconstruction of the life and life of the people of the North. It is noteworthy that each structure located here performs several different functions at once.
• Berezovo is a village, the center of the Berezovsky district , one of the first settlements (1593), founded by Russians in Siberia. For a long time it served as a place of exile, the most famous exiles were Prince Alexander Menshikov , Prince Alexei Dolgorukov with his family, Count Andrei Osterman , in the 19th century - the Decembrists , at the beginning of the 20th century - revolutionaries. Leo Trotsky, exiled to Obdorsk (Salekhard), fled from Berezov. ^[88]
• The State Art Museum, located in the district center, has a heritage of a national scale: these are icons of the XV - XVII centuries , paintings by F. S. Rokotov , V. A. Tropinin , I. E. Repin , I. K. Aivazovsky , V. I. Surikova , I.I. Levitan , etc. The treasury of Russian art in the capital of Ugra is maximally accessible to visitors of different ages. ^[89]
• The floating chapel in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker at the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh . Established in 2013, the height is 8 meters and weight 10 tons. ^[90]
• Nature Park "Lake Numto ". Due to its remoteness and inaccessibility, the area of Lake Numto for a long time remained a “white spot” in the development of Siberia and was opened to researchers only at the beginning of the 20th century. The lake is unique in that it is located in a small valley, which is a watershed of 4 rivers. The watershed is a tundra with large hills between which there are sands-zybiny. In these zybuns containing keys, the Kazym , Nadym , Pim and Trom-Yugan rivers begin.

• Ugra (hockey club)
• Museum of Nature and Man (Khanty-Mansiysk)

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