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It was formed as a result of separation from Mogulistan in 1514, Sultan Said Khan was the founder of the state. In 1514, Sultan-Said-Khan - the third son of Sultan Ahmed-Khan , the grandson of Yunus-Khan - seized the throne with small forces, and the Yarkend Khanate initiated the beginning of the Tugluk-Timur descendants dynasty. This is explained by the fact that with the transfer of power from the Duglat tribe to the descendants of Tugluk-Timur, the state system in Eastern Turkestan remained unchanged, maintaining independence from Mogulistan ^[1] . His authority also recognized his uncle Mansur Khan , Khan Mogolistan, who at that time consisted of the eastern parts of the state ( Turfan , Kumul , Chalysh ). It should be noted that, starting with the reign of Said Khan, the founder of the Yarkand Khanate, and the successors of his work, Abdurashid Khan and Abdukarim Khan , i.e. from 1514, - the year to 1593, the country did not know the big wars and was engaged in peaceful construction. It was a typical state with all its attributes and institutions, which were very similar to the state of Sheibanids and Ashtarkhanids in Central Asia. In the beginning, such cities as Kashgar, Yangisar, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu and Uch were included in the Yarkand Khanate. After the conclusion of a truce with Mansur Khan (1516), the eastern region of the country — Bai, Kusan (Kuchar), Chalysh (Karashakhar), Turfan, and Kumul — joined Zhaiguan ( Great Wall of China ) ^[2] .

Upon assuming the throne after the death of his father, Abd ar-Rashid Khan I abruptly changed the usual foreign policy, abandoning the traditional alliance with the Uzbek Uzbeks and concluding an alliance with long-time enemies - the Sheibanids of Maverannahra . In 1537 , the Allied forces won a major victory over the Kazakhs in the Chagat area near the r. Keles , as a result of which the power of Abd ar-Rashid Khan I spread to Central Mogolistan . The reign of his son Abd al-Karim Khan was busy with wars aimed at deterring the Kyrgyz tribes in the territory of Central Mogulistan . Despite the military successes of Abd al-Karim Khan, by the end of his rule, the Kyrgyz already firmly occupied the northern Tien Shan and were located in the territory from Chalysh to the Chu-Talas interfluve. In the Khanate itself, by the end of the rule of Abd al-Karim Khan, separatist tendencies were noted by the Montenegrin Khoja, led by Ishan Muhammad-Ishaq Wali (d. 1599), whom the khan had expelled from the country.

In the 70s. XVI century. After the overthrow of the dynasty of Mansur Khan, the remnants of Mogolistan were incorporated into Mamlakat-i Mogul. Later, these lands ( Turfan , Kumul , Chalysh ) repeatedly became an independent state headed by the Mogul princes (sultans).

In the summer of 1594 , the Sheibanids unexpectedly broke off allied relations and invaded the state of Muhammad Khan III under the pretext of protecting the rights of their son Abd al-Karim Khan Shah-Haydar-Muhammad-Sultan. However, not having achieved tangible success, the Uzbeks quickly left, capturing prey and prisoners. In 1640 - 1641 , Abdallah Khan conquered Badakhshan and Balor .

The reign of Abdullah Khan was marked by the fact that he raised the cities destroyed by the war. He built many madrassas and other objects, established the economy, strengthened the military power of the country. His sitting on the throne lasted about thirty years. However, in the 50s hordes of Kalmyks rushed into the country and more militarily powerful they seized many lands of the Saidy state. The Dzungarian Khanate formed at this time began to threaten the peoples inhabiting East Turkestan , Central Asia . Since its inception, it has organized military campaigns against the Yarkand and Kazakh Khanates ^[3] . The ruler of Mogulistan, Abdullah Khan, successfully restrained in the middle of the seventeenth century the Oirats' raids, led by the Suion, Tiren and Konjina noions. At the same time, an internecine struggle for the throne broke out in Mogulistan between Abdullah Khan and his brothers Ibrahim-Sultan, Ismail-Sultan and Hasan-bek, who, having fled, found protection at the Oirat district of Eldan-taiji. Having entered with him into a military alliance, they, together with Elden-taiji, opposed Abdullah Khan. On the Bugach pass, a battle was fought between the troops of Abdullah Khan on the one hand, and the Oirats, led by Tseren and Eldan-Taiji on the other hand, supported by the detachments of the Abdullah Khan brothers. Abdallah Khan lost this battle.

In 1664 , another major battle took place between Abdallah Khan and the five-thousand detachment of Oirats, led by Senge-taiji . Before this battle, Abdullah Khan quarreled with his son, the governor of Kashgar, Yulbars, who in 1665 fled to Oirat, and then repeatedly raided Kashgar , ruled by his brother Nur-ad-Din. After the death of Nur-ad-Din in 1667, Abdullah Khan, with the help of Kyrgyz detachments, made unsuccessful trips to Oirat lands several times. After defeat, Abdullah Khan finds refuge in India and dies there in 1667. Sowing to the throne instead of his father Yulbars Khan leads the country to complete devastation. Mass appearances against him occur everywhere and two years later he was killed. And the younger brother of Abdullah Khan, who came to power, Ismail made a lot of effort and effort to restore order in the country, but the activities of the Khoja brought to naught all his efforts. The followers of Sheikh Makhdum Azam (1401-1542), declaring themselves "white mountains" and "Montenegrins", i.e. two irreconcilable religious groups began a merciless struggle among themselves. The special zeal was shown by Khoja Hidayatullah , who in 1676 managed to overthrow Ismail Khan from the throne and took him prisoner. There are different points of view regarding the events that took place at this time. For example, according to historian Ibrahim Niyaz, when Ismail Khan insisted on expelling Khoja Khidayatullah, the latter resorted to the help of the Dzungarian Khan Galdan and relying on his army, occupied the Yarkand Khanate, and Khan himself captured ^[4] . Another historian, Muhammad Imin Bugra, one of the active participants in the national liberation struggle of the Uyghur people that unfolded at the beginning of the 20th century, states that after the fall of the Yarkend khanate the reign of Hidayatullah did not last long. It was not 3-4 months later, as Muhammadimin , one of the successors of the khan's kin, gathered a large force, overthrew Hodja Hatiatullah from the throne. Khoja Hidayatullah, together with Ismail Khan and his family, went to the Ili region and asked for asylum from the Kalmyk Khan Galdan and help against Muhammadimin Khan. Galdan awarded him the honorary title of Kalmyks - “Abak” and in 1679 with 60,000 troops occupied the Yarkand khanate ^[5] .

In 1678, he became a vassal of the Dzungarian Khanate while retaining greater independence. After the death of Akbashkhan, two dynastic branches of the Khoja (“ actaglyks ” (“Belogorsk”) and “ karataglyki ” (“Montenegrins”)) alternately replacing each other), the name of the state Mamlakat-Moghuliye does not change, local sources mention this, Tarih Amniye, Tarihi Rashidi (19th century amended). At the same time, the previously formally united state falls into three. In the east, in Kumul and Turfan, local branches of the Chagataids continue to rule. These khanates will exist as vassals of the Qing Empire until 1930 .

In Kashgar and in Yarkand , where the khans headquarters were located, there were many mosques , madrasas , palaces, caravanserais. Life was in full swing here, merchants from many cities of Central Asia came here. In the bazaars of Kashgar and Yarkand, one could meet a Hindu, an Afghan, a Persian, who sold all sorts of oriental sweets , clothes, household items, medicinal herbs, spices, etc.

In the Yarkend khanate, special attention was paid to the training of scientific personnel in high madrasahs that operated in large cities. In the capital of the Khanate, Yarkende, there were about ten madrassas, including the Rashidiya madrasa, well-known throughout the country and abroad. In Kashgar, along with the old existing madrasahs, new ones were opened. The madrasah taught mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy, Arabic , Persian and Uigur languages , literature, Sharia , religious studies , calligraphy and other subjects. They studied the works of famous thinkers: Lutfi , A. Jami , A. Nawai , Attar , Rumi , Hafiz and others. Both natural and human sciences developed in the country, and folk medicine has reached the highest level.

At that time, the famous historian and poet Mirza Haydar Kuragani (1500-1551) lived and worked in the Yarkand Khanate (1500-1551), the author of the famous work “Tarikh-i Rashidi” and other works on history. It is also necessary to name Shah Mahmud Churaz (1626-1696) - the author of the work "Tarikh-i Rashidi (Zail)". In this book, Mahmoud Churas and poetic lines of his own composition. Most of them are didactic in nature ^[6] . Peru Churasa also belongs to the essay of religious content "Enis - at Taliban". His other work is “Bilim havaskariry reached” (“Friends of lovers of knowledge”). Scientists conducted work on the study of history in one of the madrasahs of the capital, Yarkand. During the Yarkand Khanate period, famous poets lived and worked in the country: Hupiki, Hanifi, Ahun Mulla Shah Khoja, Baba Khoja Ahun Khotandi, Muhammad Imin Zukhni, Mulla Habib, Mulla Atip, Mulla Juni Khoja, Mulla Fazil, Mirza Shah Khoja.

It should be noted that in the socio-political, economic, cultural life of the Yarkand Khanate there was much in common with the life of the peoples of Central Asia, India, Iran, Afghanistan. Many reasons contributed to this, such as trade, migration, and common religion. On the close relationship of the literatures of these peoples Z.G. Rizaev writes: "The works of the XVII century. Central Asia, India, Iran and Afghanistan, presented in the Farsi language cannot be viewed in isolation from each other, since the literature, especially the poetry of this period, was basically the same in nature as well as in form. This was largely due to the direct communication of many literary figures in these countries.

It should also be noted that as a result of the prevailing historical conditions of the Middle Ages in Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan, there is a sharp decline in the development of court poetry and a significant revival outside the court circle. At this time, dozens of remarkable poets from among artisans appear, whose poetry is saturated with motives of acute social protest and free-thinking philosophical views on the surrounding reality. " ^[7] . According to Z. Rizaev, many poets of the time adhered to the pantheistic trend in literature.

In the first half of the 16th century, handicraft production revived in the country in connection with the development of the mining industry and metallurgy. The centers of mining and metallurgy were the cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, Aksu, Khotan, and Bugra. Gold , silver , copper , iron , mercury , ammonia , salt , and jade were mined here. The textile industry has become very popular. For the development of this type of industry, perfection of looms was important. The development of productive forces has become one of the main reasons for the specialization of production. The district of Khotan was famous for the production and processing of jade, carpets, and the craftsmen of Kashgar and Yarkand were distinguished by the sophistication of jewelry.

The development of craft production and agriculture led to a revival of domestic and foreign trade. For the development of trade relations, roads were built and repaired and new bridges were built. Numerous cities and shopping centers appeared. The development of trade and commodity-money relations led to the emergence of large mints , began to mint gold, silver and copper dirhems . Trade between different regions of the country intensified, the volume of foreign trade with neighboring countries increased. If earlier shopping centers were located in large villages and kishlaks , then, now, with the development of handicraft production, trade in cities became more active. In large cities lived artisans, builders, architects, merchants, scientists, literary and art workers. Then, the main centers of trade were Kashgar, Yarkand, Hotan, Aksu, Kumul.

During the existence of the Yarkand Khanate, foreign trade was led by the state. Active trade relations were established with China , India , Afghanistan , Iran , Central Asia , Iraq and other Arab countries. Caravans were sent to neighboring countries with traditional goods for the Yarkand khanate: mercury, jade, gold, silver, ammonia, Hotan carpets, silk and cotton products, jewelry made of precious metals and other items. From other countries in the Khanate brought the necessary goods.

1. Sultan Said Khan - the first Khan of Mogul ( 1514 - 1533 )
2. Abd ar-Rashid Khan I - Khan of Mogul ( 1533 - 1559 )
3. Abd al-Karim Khan - Mogul Khan ( 1559 - 1591 )
4. Muhammad Khan III - Khan of Mogul ( 1592 - 1610 )
5. Shuja ad-Din Ahmad Khan - Mogul Khan ( 1610 - 1618 )
6. Quraysh Khan II - Khan Moguliya ( 1618 )
7. Abd al-Latif-khan I (Apak-khan) - Khan of Mogul ( 1618 - 1630 )
8. Sultan Ahmad Khan II (Fulad Khan) - Khan of Mogul ( 1630 - 1632 ), ( 1635 - 1638 )
9. Sultan Mahmud Khan II (Kilich Khan) - Khan of Moguliya ( 1632 - 1635 )
10. Abdullah Khan - Mogul Khan ( 1638 - 1668 )
11. Yulbars Khan - Mogul Khan ( 1668 - 1669 )
12. Abd al-Latif-Khan II - Khan of Mogul ( 1669 - 1670 )
13. Ismail Khan - Mogul Khan ( 1670 - 1678 )
14. Abd ar-Rashid Khan II - Khan of Mogul ( 1680 -?)
15. Muhammad Amin Khan - Khan of Mogul ( 1681 - 1692 )
16. Muhammad Mumin Khan (Akbash Khan) - Khan Moguliya ( 1694 - 1696 )

1. Hidayatollah Hizrat-i-Afak - Khan of Mogul (? —1693/4) ^[8]
2. Danyal Hodge - Mogul Khan ( 1720 - 1754 )
3. Yusuf Hoja - Mogul Khan ( 1754 - 1757 )
4. Abdullah Badshah Khoja - Mogul Khan ( 1757 )
5. Burhandin Khoja - Mogul Khan (? - 1759 )

• Sayyid-Muhammad-Mirza from the Douglat tribe, c 1514, ulusbegi of the Khanate under Sultan-Said-Khan , killed on July 23/4, 1533 by order of Abd al-Rashid-Khan I ;

Tombs of the Yarkand khans and their families (Yarkand)

• Chagatai ulus
• Mogulistan

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• Tarih-i Rashidi