Deviant behavior

Different scientific disciplines give different definitions of deviant behavior:

• Social sciences: social phenomena that pose a real threat to the physical and social survival of a person in a given social environment, immediate environment, a group of social and moral norms and cultural values, a violation of the process of assimilation and reproduction of norms and values, as well as self-development and self-realization in that society, to which the person belongs.
• Medical approach: deviation from the norms of interpersonal interactions accepted in this society: actions, deeds, expressions, committed both within the framework of mental health and in various forms of neuropsychic pathology, especially at the borderline level.
• Psychological approach: a deviation from socio-psychological and moral norms, presented either as an erroneous antisocial model of resolving a conflict, which manifests itself in violation of socially accepted norms, or in damage to social well-being, to those around you and yourself.

There are different approaches to the classification of deviant behavior, both in complexity and content. The differences in classifications are due to the fact that different branches of science (psychology, medicine, criminology, etc.) and scientific schools do not understand what forms of behavior can be called deviations, how to distinguish between norm and deviation, and whether behavioral deviation can be constructive (positive ) character, or only destructive.

R.K. Merton, in the framework of his theory of structural functionalism, created one of the first sociological classifications of human behavioral reactions (1938) ^{[2] [3]} . His model presents 5 ways of adapting an individual to the conditions existing in society, each of which is characterized by whether the individual approves the goals of society and the means by which society achieves these goals (some of these reactions are essentially types of deviant behavior):

1. Submission (submission to the goals and means of achieving the goals of society);
2. Innovation (submission to the goals of society, but not to the means of achieving them);
3. Ritualism (the goal is discarded as unattainable, but following traditions remains);
4. Retretism (withdrawal from society, disagreement with goals and means of achieving goals);
5. Rebellion (an attempt to introduce a new social order, both goals and means are changing).

C. P. Korolenko and T. A. Donskikh proposed the following classification of behavioral deviations: ^[4]

1. non-standard behavior (actions that go beyond social stereotypes of behavior, but play a positive role in the development of society):
2. destructive behavior:
   • outwardly destructive behavior (aimed at violating social norms):
     • addictive (the use of some substances or specific activity in order to escape from reality and get the desired emotions),
     • antisocial (violation of the laws and rights of others);
   • intra-destructive behavior (aimed at the disintegration of the personality itself: suicidal, conformist, narcissistic, fanatical, autistic behavior).

To date, deviation is also divided into positive and negative. Negative forms of deviant behavior often include:

• criminal crime;
• alcoholism;
• addiction;
• prostitution
• gambling
• terrorism;
• extremism;
• vandalism;
• suicide, etc.

Positive deviation is behavior that benefits society, but nonetheless deviates from generally accepted norms. Positive deviation may include:

• self-sacrifice and heroism;
• super hard work;
• keen sense of pity;
• genius;
• mental abilities and talent, etc.

1. Deviant personality behavior is behavior that does not comply with generally accepted or officially established social norms.
2. Deviant behavior and the person manifesting it cause a negative assessment from other people (social sanctions).
3. Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to others. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.
4. Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeating (multiple or prolonged).
5. Deviant behavior should be consistent with the general orientation of the personality.
6. Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.
7. Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.
8. Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.

The term “deviant behavior” can be applied to children no younger than 5 years old.

The causes of deviant behavior can be determined by several prevailing factors that could affect the individual.

1. Biological. People in their biological makeup are already predisposed to do things differently from what society tells them to. Most often, such people can be identified by their appearance.
2. Psychological. Deviation is due to the influence of external factors and irritants on a person, as well as his personal psychological qualities, which are innate.
3. Sociological. The easiest way to explain them is with the help of the Theory of Anomie , according to which social norms and values ​​are rejected in society, they are completely disintegrated, and a certain state of vacuum is formed in society.

Science fiction authors sometimes use ordinary humane behavior as deviant in the dystopian societies they describe. So Ray Bradbury deviant reading shows in " 451 degrees Fahrenheit "; Sergei Lukyanenko’s in “ Stars - Cold Toys ” Geometers consider deviant (for all but the Mentors) touch, hug ; for the novel by George Orwell of the world of the novel " 1984, " any personal relationship is deviant. The natural behavior we understand becomes the starting point for the deviation of society itself. In the computer game "Detroit: Become Human," deviants are called androids who come in violation of established instructions and make their own independent decisions.

Also an example is Evgeny Zamyatin’s novel “ We ”; in which the deviant is a person who has a soul, is able to love and think abstractly from the dogma adopted in society, based on Taylorism, the submission of any human activity to the laws of algebra and geometry.

• Delinquent behavior
• Sociality
• Mental disorder
• Nihilism
• Psychology of Deviant Behavior

in Russian

• Gilinsky Ya. I. Deviantology: the sociology of crime, narcotism, prostitution, suicide and other “deviations”. - 2nd ed. corrected and add. - SPb .: Publishing house of R. Aslanov “Legal Center Press”, 2007. - 528 p.
• Deviant behavior / Gilinsky Ya. I. // Oceanarium - Oyasio. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2014. - P. 652. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 24). - ISBN 978-5-85270-361-3 .
• Zmanovskaya E. V. Deviantology (Psychology of deviant behavior): Textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook. institutions. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 288 p. ISBN 5-7695-1782-4 .
• Kovalchuk M. A. Prevention of deviant behavior of high school students: Monograph. Yaroslavl: Publishing House of YAGPU named after K. D. Ushinsky , 2002 .-- 242 p. ISBN 5-87555-132-1 .
• Komlev Yu. Yu. , Safiullin N. Kh. Sociology of deviant behavior. 2nd ed. Kazan, 2006;
• Kozachenko I. Ya. , Korsakov K.V. Criminology: Textbook. M .: NORMA-INFRA-M, 2011 .-- 304 p. ISBN 978-5-91768-209-9 .
• Ostapenko G.S., Ostapenko R.I. Analysis of personality characteristics of adolescents with deviant behavior // Prospects of science and education. - 2013. - No. 1. - P.54-60.
• Plakhov V.D. Norm and deviation in society: philosophical and theoretical introduction to social ethology. SPb., 2011;

in other languages

• Goode E. Deviant behavior. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, 2011.

• Psychology of deviant behavior: deviant behavior, subject, goals, objectives. The system of prevention and correction. (Russian) . Archived February 12, 2012.
• About the training program for specialists in the field of pedagogy and psychology of deviant behavior
• Deviant behavior of children and adolescents
• Suicide as a deviant behavior
• Prevention of deviant juvenile behavior in a large city