Cantonese , Guangzhou is one of the Yue dialects that appeared in Canton (the French name is Guangzhou ). It is a prestigious dialect of the Yue language.
| Cantonese | |
|---|---|
| Self name | 广 府 话 / 廣 府 話gwong 2 fu 2 waa 2 广州 话 / 廣州 話gwong 2 zau 1 waa 2 白话 / 白話baak 6 waa 2 In Hong Kong and Macau : 廣東話 / 广东话gwong 2 dung 1 waa 2 |
| Country |  PRC : center and west of Guangdong , east of Guangxi  Hong Kong  Macau  Australia  Canada : Vancouver , Toronto , Calgary  Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur , Perak , Sandakan  Singapore  Great Britain  USA : New York , Los Angeles , San Francisco  Vietnam other countries where emigrants from Guangdong reside |
| Regions | Regions of China: Central and western parts of Guangdong , Hong Kong , Macau , eastern and southern parts of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region |
| Official status | no [1] |
| Total number of speakers | more than 70 million |
| Rating | 16 [2] |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Sino-Tibetan family
| |
| Writing | Written Cantonese , Latin |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | |
| ISO 639-6 | and |
| WALS | |
| ABS ASCL | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
In mainland China, it plays the role of a language of interethnic communication in Guangdong province and some adjacent areas, in particular, in the east of Guangxi province. Cantonese is also used by residents of Hong Kong and Macau in everyday life. In countries with a traditionally high Chinese population ( Canada , Peru , Panama , USA , Australia ), local Chinese retain the dialects of their ancestral homeland: emigrants from the outskirts of Guangzhou speak Cantonese.
The name "Cantonese" is used both in relation to the prestigious dialect of the Yue language, and to the Yue itself , which consists of several dialects, in particular Taishan .
Cantonese is perceived by the bearers as part of the national identity of the Chinese from the south of the country. Although the Cantonese and the state dialect of Putonghua have much in common in vocabulary and grammar , they are not clear to the speakers, largely due to the difference in pronunciation [3] [4] .
Names
In Russian, “Cantonese” can refer to both the Guangzhou dialect itself and the Yue language. A more precise name is “Cantonese” or “Guangzhou” [5] .
Non-Guangdong Chinese people use names by area:
- "Guangzhou dialect" ( cant. Trade. 廣州 話 , ex. 广州 话 , yutphin : gwong 2 jau 1 waa 2 , cant.-Russian : kuon-chow-wah ),
- “The dialect of Guangzhou County” ( cant. Trade. 廣 府 話 , ex. 广 府 话 , yutphin : gwong 2 fu 2 waa 2 , cant. Russian : Kuon-fu-wah ).
In Guangzhou, Guangdong and Hong Kong, Cantonese is most often called simple ("white") speech ( Cant. Trade. 白話 , ex. 白话 , yutphin : baakwaa 2 , Cant. -Russian : pa: q -wah ; not to be confused with full homonym Baihua - the modern literary norm of the Chinese language).
In Guangdong, the name "provincial capital dialect" is also used ( cant. Trade. 省城 話 , ex. 省城 话 , yutphin : saang 2 seng 4 waa 2 , cant. Russian : sa: n-sen-va ).
In Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese is called "Guangdong speech" ( Cant. Trade. 廣東話 , ex. Ют , yutphin : gwong 2 dung 1 waa 2 , Cant.-Russian : Kuon-tun-wa ).
“ Kudos ” allows you to call Cantonese “literary (standard) Cantonese” ( Cant. Trad. 標準 粵語 , ex. 标准 粤语 , yutphin : biu 1 jeun 2 yut 6 yu 5 , cant. Russian : piu-chen ut-y ) .
Cultural Role
The Chinese language has many incomprehensible small-town options, most of which can be heard only in narrow areas. Since the beginning of the 20th century (the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 ), China has popularized putonghua as a language of instruction and everyday communication, [6] however, the TVS China television station is a whale. Trad. 南方 電視臺 , exercise 南方 电视台 , pinyin : nánfāng diànshìtái , pall. : Nanfang Dianshit and Radio Guangdong broadcast in Cantonese.
Yue is the main dialect of the Chinese group in Hong Kong and Macau . In these areas, almost all political discourses are in Yue; this makes it the only unofficial language of China used by officials. In addition, Yue dialects are widely spoken abroad among huaqiao , thus, these are one of the first Chinese dialects that they met in the West.
Cantonese, like the few other common Chinese languages , Putonghua and South Minh , has its own variety of popular music, Cantopop . In Hong Kong, songs are written primarily in Cantonese; many performers from Beijing and Taiwan learned Cantonese to make a localized version of their songs. [7] Poponghua pop music artists, including Wang Fei , Eric Moo, and Taiwanese singers studied Cantonese in order to add “Hong Kong sound” to their songs. [7]
Phonetics
The de facto pronunciation standard is the Guangzhou dialect described in the corresponding article. Hong Kong Cantonese has some phonetic differences.
Hong Kong
The official languages of Hong Kong , according to the Hong Kong Basic Law, are English and Chinese , but it is not indicated which of these Chinese languages . In colloquial speech, Hong Kongs usually use the Cantonese dialect; it is actually the language of government . Cantonese and English are taught in many schools.
Hong Kong Cantonese is mutually intelligible with the Guangzhou variety, although they are distinguished by some details of pronunciation, intonation and lexical composition .
Cantonese Written
The Cantonese literature corps is in third place after Wenyang and Putonghua in size. Cantonese is mainly written in Hong Kong and abroad, while traditional characters are used . In addition, carriers invented their own characters, and some Chinese use a different meaning.
Romanization and Cyrillization
Cantonese romanization systems are based on the pronunciation of the inhabitants of Guangdong and Hong Kong. The main systems are Barnett – Chao, Meyer – Wempe, the government Romanization of the PRC Guangdong Romanization, Yale and Yutphin . In the West, the Yale romanization system is most often used. Hong Kong has developed the Hong Kong traditional romanization system .
Practical transcription from the Cantonese Yue is being developed at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
Early Systems
Attempts to record the sounds of Cantonese speech using alphabetical writing began with the arrival of Protestant missionaries in China at the beginning of the 19th century. Romanization was seen as a tool for quick language learning by missionaries and writing by illiterate speakers. The first Catholic missionaries, mainly Portuguese , also developed several Romanization systems for Cantonese and other dialects of Chinese.
The first Protestant missionary in China, Robert Morrison, published the Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect in 1828, using an unsystematic romanization. Elijah Coleman Bridgmaye and Samuel Wells Williams in the Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, 1841, recorded Cantonese words by romanization, which marked the beginning of an entire dynasty of transcriptions with minimal deviations from the source. These romanizations were used by James Dyer Ball, Immanuel Gottlieb Genar.
Bridgman and Williams laid down the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by William Jones for the languages of Southeast Asia .
Hong Kong Romanization
One of the most influential works on Cantonese, A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton. Won Siklin Kant. trad. 黃錫凌 , exercise 黄锡凌 , yutphin : wong4 sik1 ling4 , cant. : won siklin , pinyin : huáng xílíng , pall. : Huang Xilin , published in 1941, offers an IPA- based transcription system, and is widely used by Hong Kong dictionaries.
The romanization of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong ( yutphin ) solved many of the problems of Yale romanization, but it is unusual and loses out to Yale in prevalence. The meanings of the letters in yutphin differ from those accepted in the English language, which presents certain difficulties for non-professional readers. Yutkhin is officially promoted by the authorities, but it is too early to talk about the success of his advancement.
Another popular romanization is Cantonese Pinyin . Hong Kong’s educational system uses only this romanization, although some teachers and students use the Won Siklin romanization.
Cantonese outside China
The Chinese diaspora was originally founded by immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong . As a result, the proportion of canton-speaking Huaqiao is much larger than the proportion of canton-speaking residents of China. In Southeast Asia, however, another Chinese dialect dominates.
The largest number of Cantonese-speaking Huaqiaos outside of China and Hong Kong live in Canada and the USA . The Singaporean and Malaysian dialects of Cantonese have a certain percentage of borrowings from Malay and other languages.
Canada
Cantonese has been and remains the dominant Chinese language in Canada. According to a 2006 study, 361,450 residents of Canada identified Cantonese as their native language (including 166,655 in the Toronto metropolitan area and 125,940 in the Vancouver metropolitan area.
Most Canton-speaking Canadians came from Hong Kong between 1965 and 1975, when communist riots swept through Hong Kong, and from 1980 to 2000, during the transfer of Hong Kong to the PRC . Part of the Canton-speaking population of Canada are immigrants from Guangdong, Vietnam and Southeast Asia .
Malaysia
Cantonese is widespread in Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia , as well as in Petaling Jaya , Subang Jaya , Sibu ( Sarawak ), most of the cities of Perak and Sandakan ( Sabah ). Cantonese is widespread throughout Malaysia, although most of the carriers are not Cantonese. Unlike South Minsky , the most widely spoken Chinese language in Malaysia, Cantonese has almost no effect on other dialect groups.
Paid TV channels offer viewers to choose which language to watch programs. In Malaysia, there are four Chinese-language radio stations: “My FM”, “one FM”, “988” and “Ai FM”. Three of them belong to private owners and broadcast mainly in Cantonese, although there are programs on Putonghua. “Ai FM” is state-owned and broadcasts only on putonghua, although news releases are in Cantonese.
Singapore
In Singapore, the government is conducting a campaign to popularize putonghua [8] , which is actively promoting the use of putonghua in exchange for other Chinese languages, South Minh (41.1%), Chaoshan (21.0%), Cantonese (15.4%), Hakka (7.9 %) and Hainan (6.7%).
| Dialect group | 1990 | 2000 |
|---|---|---|
| Minnanians | 42.1% | 41.1% |
| Chaoshans | 21.9% | 21.0% |
| Cantonese | 15.2% | 15.4% |
| Hakka | 7.3% | 7.9% |
| Hainans | 7.0% | 6.7% |
| Fuchzhousy | 1.7% | 1.9% |
| Putyantsy | 0.9% | 0.9% |
| Shanghaiers | 0.8% | 0.9% |
| Fujing (people) | 0.6% | 0.6% |
| Other | 2.4% | 3,7% |
This campaign was theoretically aimed at rallying ethnic Chinese. In addition to popularizing putonghua, the campaign also actively discouraged people from speaking other Chinese languages .
Its main consequence is that in 1979 all television and radio programs not on putonghua were closed. [10] The Prime Minister ceased speaking in South Minsky so as not to conflict with the campaign. [10]
Hong Kong and Taiwan TV shows do not show with the original soundtrack, although Japanese and Korean TV shows go in their respective languages without dubbing. Cantonese TV shows on free channels are duplicated on Putonghua.
In addition, pininization of words borrowed from southern dialects is performed. For example, Dimsin is called Dianxin on television, although most Singaporeans would rather say "Dims." A consequence of language policy is that young Singaporeans from Canton-speaking families do not understand and do not speak Cantonese. In neighboring Malaysia, the situation is exactly the opposite: anyone who speaks any Chinese language, to some extent, understands Cantonese.
UK
The ancestors of most Canton-speaking British came from Hong Kong and speak the local dialect ; many come from hakka-speaking families and are bilinguals . In addition, in Britain there is a certain percentage of Canton speakers from Malaysia and Singapore, as well as from Guangdong itself. About 300,000 British people call Cantonese their native language, which makes up 0.5% of the British population and 1% of the total number of Cantonese speaking abroad China [11] .
USA
For the past 150 years, the main stream of immigrants from China has come from Guangdong ; More than 60% of all Chinese who moved before 1965 came from Taishan city district alone. Due to this, Yue dialects, especially Cantonese, Taishan , Enpine , Kaipin and Xinhui, were widely used in the USA.
The Zhongshan dialect, which appeared in the Pearl River Delta , is common among immigrants in Hawaii and in San Francisco ; it is an adverb of the Yue group — like Cantonese. Yue is the fourth most widely spoken language in the United States [12] . Many universities, including Stanford , Duke , Yale, have Cantonese programs. The most popular Cantonese romanization system in the USA is Yale .
Vietnam
In Vietnam, Cantonese is common among ethnic Chinese ( Hoa ).
See also
- Chinese
- Yue language
- Portal: China
Notes
- ↑ In Hong Kong and Macau, Chinese is accepted as the official language, while the dialect is not indicated, however, in the spoken language on the fact, the Cantonese version of Chinese is widely used. At the same time, the common Chinese literary standard of Baihua is used in writing.
- ↑ http://www.davidpbrown.co.uk/help/top−100-languages-by-population.html (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Cantonese: a comprehensive grammar, p. 5 , Stephen Matthews and Virginia Yip, Routledge, 1994
- ↑ Cantonese as written language: the growth of a written Chinese vernacular, p. 48 , Donald B. Snow, Hong Kong University Press, 2004
- ↑ Ramsey and Ethnologue
- ↑ Minlan Zhou, Hongkai Sun. Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949 . - Springer, 2004 .-- ISBN 1402080387 , 9781402080388.
- ↑ 1 2 Donald, Stephanie. Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis / Stephanie Donald, Michael Keane, Yin Hong. - RoutledgeCurzon , 2002. - P. 113. - ISBN 0700716149 .
- ↑ Speak Mandarin Campaign . Mandarin.org.sg. Date of treatment October 7, 2010. Archived on April 7, 2012.
- ↑ Edmund Lee Eu Fah, " Profile of the Singapore Chinese Language Groups ", Social Statistic Section, Singapore Department of Statistics (2000) (link not available) . Date of treatment March 27, 2011. Archived on February 5, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/413581/1/.html
- ↑ Cantonese speakers in the UK
- ↑ Lai, H. Mark. Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. - AltaMira Press, 2004 .-- ISBN 0759104581 . need page number (s)