Nanomaterials are materials created using nanoparticles and / or by means of nanotechnologies with some unique properties due to the presence of these particles in the material. Nanomaterials include objects, one of the characteristic dimensions of which lies in the range from 1 to 100 n m [1] .
Content
Description
Methods for obtaining nanomaterials can be divided into two groups:
- "Assembly of atoms"
- " Dispersion of macroscopic materials".
According to the 7th International Nanotechnology Conference (Wiesbaden, 2004) [2] , the following types of nanomaterials are distinguished:
- Nanoporous structures [3]
- nanoparticles
- nanotubes , nanofibres and nanoribbers
- nanodispersions (colloids)
- nanostructured surfaces and films
- nanocrystals and nanoclusters .
The nanomaterials themselves are divided by purpose [4] into:
- Functional
- Composite
- Constructional.
By the number of measurements [5] :
- zero-dimensional / quasi-zero-dimensional ( quantum dots , spheroid nanoparticles );
- one-dimensional / quasi-one-dimensional ( quantum conductors , nanotubes );
- two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional ( thin films , surface sections);
- three-dimensional / quasi-three-dimensional (multilayer structures with nanoscale dislocations, superlattices, nanoclusters ). [3]
The properties of nanomaterials, as a rule, differ from similar materials in a massive state. For example, in nanomaterials, one can observe a change in the magnetic, thermal and electrically conductive properties. For very fine materials, you can notice a change in the melting point in the direction of its decrease.
For nanomaterials, the problem of their storage and transportation is relevant. Having a developed surface, the materials are very active and willingly interact with the environment, first of all it concerns metallic nanomaterials. The use of nanomaterials is not yet very widely developed, since their detailed study has just begun and now there is an accumulation of knowledge about these materials. In genetic engineering, nanomaterial-based vectors are used to deliver biologically active substances into cells [6] .
Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon nanomaterials ( carbon nanomaterials ) is a collective term for various low-dimensional structures or nanostructured materials based on carbon .
Carbon nanomaterials include:
- fullerenes (see also fullerite ) and their derivatives (see also fulleride , endohedral fullerene );
- carbon nanotubes ;
- carbon nanofibers ;
- nanodiamonds ;
- graphenes (see also graphene ).
Carbon nanomaterials often act as a filler for composites , the most well-known among which are composite materials with a polymer matrix . [7]
See also
- Biomimetic nanomaterials
- Biofunctionalized nanomaterials
- Metamaterials
- Nanotechnology
- Nano coatings
- Printed electronics
- Average grain size
Notes
- ↑ Basic terms and concepts on the Federal portal dedicated to nanotechnology and nanomaterials (Not available link) . The appeal date is November 17, 2009. Archived on April 7, 2012.
- ↑ article "The problem of the development of nanotechnology in Russia and abroad" . The appeal date is November 23, 2009. Archived April 7, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 RV Lapshin. STM observation of a box-shaped graphene nanostructure appeared after a mechanical cleavage of pyrolytic graphite (Eng.) // Applied Surface Science: journal. - Netherlands: Elsevier BV, 2016. - Vol. 360 . P. 451-460 . - ISSN 0169-4332 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.apsusc.2015.09.222 . - . - arXiv : 1611.04379 . (there is a translation into Russian ).
- ↑ Federal Internet Portal of Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials . The appeal date is November 17, 2009. Archived on April 7, 2012.
- ↑ The article "Nanoscale Structures: Classification and Research" . Circulation date November 20, 2009. Archived April 7, 2012.
- ↑ Shirinsky Vladimir Pavlovich. Bioengineering "Dictionary of nanotechnology terms" . Rosnano . The appeal date is December 14, 2011. Archived on April 7, 2012.
- ↑
Links
- D.I. Ryzhonkov, V.V. Lyovin "At the origins of Russian nanotechnology" . The appeal date is November 17, 2009. Archived on April 7, 2012.