Korduene [1] (Gordiena, Korduena; other Greek Γορδυηνῆ / Κορδυηνή; pehl. Kardun ; Kurdish Kardox ; Hebrew קרטיגיני [ 2] ; Gorduene , Cordyene , Cardyene , Carduene , Gordy ) - An ancient historical region in the Middle East , in Upper Mesopotamia , at the junction of the modern borders of Turkey and Syria .
In different sources (and possibly at different times) the territory of Corduena is understood differently. Actually, Cordiena (as shown on the map) occupied a small area bounded by the Tigris River from the west, the lower reaches of the Khabur River from the south, the Botan River and its left tributaries from the north, usually the Bolshoy Zab River or the divide between Bolshoy Zab and Khabur . In the early Middle Ages, this part began to be called Armenian Korduk ( Armenian Կորդուք / Korduk῾ / Kordowk ' ), sir. Beṯ Qardū or Korduk-Tmorik (Korduena-Tamoritis). In the late Middle Ages, this part became the Kurdish region (later the emirate) of Bokhtan .
With a broader understanding of Korduyen, it includes areas further east, up to the watershed between the Tigris basins and Lake Urmia (the modern border between Turkey / Syria and Iran). This eastern part in ancient times was apparently called Khubushkia / Khabushkia and was possibly poorly populated due to high altitude and inaccessibility. In the early Middle Ages, as a part of Armenia, its northern part was called Korchayk ( Armenian Կորճայք / Korčayk῾ - pronounced: [koɹtʃɑɪkʰ] ( class / west ) / [koɾdʒɑɪkʰ] ( east ), also Korček῾ ), and the southern was considered part of the Adiabena, located to the south ("Adiaben Mark"). In some sources, the whole Korduyen is called Korchaykom, including the western part. In the late Middle Ages, this part became the Kurdish region (later the emirate) of Hakkari , which also sometimes included the western part of Korduyen.
In the south of Korduyen itself , the region of Zabdiken (Arm. Tsavdek) or Rehimena stood out .
Ancient sources
Ancient authors began to report on Corduyen (Gordien) quite early. Sources of Korduyenu are located in the upper reaches of the Tigris ( Ptolemy . Geography V, 13, 22; Plutarch . 1, 130). According to Strabo , Gordiena was located in the west of Babylonia (XVI, 1, 8); (mountains) “southern, on the other side of the Euphrates , extending east of Cappadocia and the Commagens , are first called the Taurus ... Some call these mountains the Gordian mountains. Among the latter is Masiy ( Tur-Abdin ) - a mountain that rises above Nisibia and the Tigranokert ”(XI, 12, 4). Further, Strabo reports that “Near the Tiger there are areas of the Gordian, which the ancients called the Kardukhs ; their cities were Sarisa, Satalka, and Pinaka ... ”(XVI, 1, 24). Russian scientist V.P. Nikitin The Gordian (Korduen) mountains are localized between Diyarbakir and Mush . [3]
The name of Korduyen is associated with the name of the Kardukh tribe, which is placed either west of Lake Urmia or further east. The Kardukhs were known as warlike and indomitable highlanders who did not obey the Persian king and constantly raided Armenian neighbors.
Notes
- ↑ Pronounced regardless of spelling ( Corduen / Corduen ) the same way - [carduen].
- ↑ Efraim Elimelech Urbach, I. Abrahams, The Sages , 1089 pp., Magnes Press, 1979, ISBN 9652233196 , p.552
- ↑ Kurdist.ru - Kurdist.ru
Links
- Corduene or Gordyene , Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology and Geography.
- Geography , Strabo , Book XVI, Chapter 1, Section 24.
- Kurds and Kurdistan (link unavailable) , see section iii History , subsection A Origins and Pre-Islamic History , Encyclopaedia of Islam .
- Map of corduene
- Map of Gordyene between Assyria and Lake Van
- Theodor Mommsen History of Rome, The Establishment of the Military Monarchy, Page 53
- Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Roman History, by Cassius Dio, Book XXX
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Vol. 2, Chapter XXIV, Part IV, The Retreat and Death of Julian], by Edward Gibbon.
- History of Rome, The Establishment of the Military Monarchy , by Theodor Mommsen, page 24.
- History of the Later Roman Empire, by JB Bury , Chapter IV.
- The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 7: The Sassanian or New Persian Empire , 1871, by George Rawlinson.