Poim (Penza region)

Located 21 km northwest of the city of Belinsky , on the P209 highway .

The village is named after the river Poim (the right tributary of the Vorona River), on both banks of which it is located. The name of the river was first mentioned in 1623 . According to popular legend, the river is so named because horses were watered in it. However, this is most likely a Mordovian name: erz. sing moksh. I sing - “aspen”, the ending “ -m ” is an outdated indicator of the adjective in Mordovian languages: Aspen, Osinovka .

This place was first mentioned on August 21, 1694 , when Grigory Afanasevich Berezkin, a resident of Verkhny Lomov, handed over to Prince Mikhail Yakovlevich Cherkassky 15,000 acres of arable land and 25,000 mowing grasslands in the tracts of the Vorona and Poima rivers. After the death of the prince, these lands were inherited by his son, the future chancellor of the Russian Empire, Alexei Mikhailovich Cherkassky . In 1713, he relocated here 1,685 of his serfs from Nizhny Novgorod (175 families), Mikhailovsky (65 families), Arzamassky (55 families) and other counties ( Saransky , Epifansky and Simbirsky , a total of 27 families).

Since the end of the XVII century, this place was considered one of the largest refugees of runaway peasants who lived here on the model of state peasants (had elected bodies). In 1733 alone , 1,263 peasants from the estates of Cherkassky, Naryshkin, Razumovsky and other landowners fled here. Until the 1730s, the peasants of Poim did not actually know the landlord power (in 1727, Cherkassky complained to the Senate that they did not pay him anything and that his clerks drove him away). In 1733, after the petition of A.M. Cherkassky, the Senate expedition led by officer Zinoviev arrived in Poim. He ravaged the homes of runaway peasants and tried to take them to their former places of residence. But along the way, the peasants fled and returned to Poim. In 1737, the detective expedition of Zinoviev arrived again, but history repeated itself. Finally, in 1752, the Senate allowed fugitive peasants to remain in Poima, "so that those peasants would not stagger to different places."

In 1722-1746, the villages of Samodurikha, Agapikha, Mitrofanikha, Kotikha, Toporikha, Belozerka, Poganka (Sheremetyevo) stood out from Poima.

Since the end of the XVIII century - one of the centers of the Old Believers in the Penza province, up to half of the village inhabitants were Old Believers. During the Pugachev region, a rebel detachment was created in the village.

In 1757, a church was built in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (hence the church name of the village - Nikolskoe). Towards the end of the 18th century, it is known as “notable throughout the district for trade and handicrafts,” as part of the ембembar County. Leather industry developed, shoes for the army were supplied. The large shopping center of the region was not inferior in importance to the district town of Chembar .

In 1861, peasants took part in the uprising for the complete and immediate abolition of serfdom (the center of the uprising was in the village of Kandievka), stopped going to corvée, dismantled the lord's bread and implements. The uprising was crushed by the punitive detachment of General Drenyakin.

At the beginning of the XX century, one of the largest villages of the Penza province. In 1912 there were 9 mills, 16 churns and millet plants, 2 sheepskin factories, 30 forges, 5 brick and potash factories, 8 bakeries, 2 taverns, 2 wine shops, 5 beer houses, 5 schools, 3 churches. Out of 1,620 yards, 1,002 were engaged in rope fishing, and 339 were engaged in shoemaking. In 1917, one of the largest consumer associations in the province was operating with an annual turnover of 63,213 rubles. In 1923, the distillery worked, products were sent to Penza. 7/8/1918 began an uprising of the peasants of the village under the Left Social Revolutionary slogans, crushed by armed force.

Today in the village there are Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Poimskoye” (grain and meat and dairy cattle breeding), a local hospital, a pharmacy, a consumer services center, a post office, a bus station, a secondary school, 2 libraries, a Pioneer House, and shops. Museum of Local Lore.

Historical Descriptions

In the topographical description of 1780 about Poima it is said:

Lies on a mountain, not far from the river Crows, on both sides of the river Poima; there is a wooden church, a landlord's house and tanneries. The inhabitants of this river on the Vorone River from their village let go the ships made here with bread to the city of Cherkassk and to the fortress of Dmitry Rostovsky .

Administrative submission

• con. XVII - beg. XVIII centuries - as part of the Zavalny camp of the Penza district
• since 1708 - as part of the Verkhnelomovsky district of the Azov province
• since 1719 - it was assigned to the Tambov province of the Azov province together with Verkhnelomovsk district
• since 1725 - the Azov province was renamed Voronezh
• since 1780 - entered the Chembar district of the independent Penza governorship
• since 1797 - as part of the Kirsanovsky district of the Tambov province
• since 1801 - volost center of the Chembarsky district of the Penza province
• since May 1928 - the center of the Poim district of the Penza district of the Middle Volga region , transformed in 1929 into the Middle Volga region
• February 10, 1932 - the Poimsky District as part of the Middle Volga Region was liquidated
• since January 25, 1935 - the center of the recreated Poimsky district of the Middle Volga region (the district is allocated from the Bashmakovsky and Chembarsky regions)
• from January 27, 1935 - the center of the Poim district of the Kuibyshev Territory
• from September 27, 1937 - the center of the Poim district of the Tambov region
• since February 4, 1939 - the center of the Poim district of the Penza region
• from October 12, 1959 - as part of the Belinsky district of the Penza region

Home ownership

In 1743, the village was transferred to Count Pyotr Borisovich Sheremetev as dowry daughter of Prince A. M. Cherkassky Varvara Alekseevna. After the count’s death, the owners of Poim were successively Nikolai Petrovich Sheremetev (son of P. B. Sheremetev, husband of the legendary serf actress Praskovya Zhemchugova ) and Dmitry Nikolaevich Sheremetev (son of N. P. Sheremetev and P. I. Zhemchugova). By the time of the liberation of the peasants in 1861, the Poim estate of the Counts Sheremetevs consisted of the villages of Poim, Mitrofanikha, Agapovo, as well as the villages of Bogdanikh, Kotikha , Poganka , Toporikha, Belozerich.

The counts themselves in Poima never lived. Peter Borisovich Sheremetev instituted an order in which the peasants were on quitrent , at different times paid from 2 to 3 rubles. The peasants sowed the whole land in their favor, the corvee dwellers did not know.

As a result of the Peasant Reform, the Sheremetev serfs received one tithe of manor land per revision soul (“gift” land). Despite the lack of land and lack of land, the peasants fed, renting the land of the land on various principles and earning money on “economic” jobs. Penza land surveyor N. F. Bystrov in his book indicates:

Poim is interesting in relation to land tenure. In the era of the liberation of the peasants, the captives did not want to get a large allotment, but sat down on the "gift". They argued, probably, like the other peasants, that “why, they say, we have our own land, when there is a lot of counts — no one will cultivate it except us,” and they hoped for trade, their crafts! In general, the landlords did not value the land: even after going out into the wild, they willingly sold their strips to those of their social activists who, on the contrary, felt gravitated to the ground. As a result of this attitude to the land, the latter was distributed very unevenly among the peasants: some bought up donating souls, having collected 15-20 tithes on the yard, while others remained completely without land. ^[2]

Thus, despite the peasant reform, the Sheremetevs retained the vast majority of the land. After the death of D.N. Sheremetev, the fiefdom went to his youngest son, the famous philanthropist Alexander Dmitrievich . In 1907, he sold half of the estate to the Peasant Land Bank . Moreover, a lot of persuaded landless peasants to buy land. However, all the exhortations of the liquidators, land surveyors, and other bosses were not successful. As a result, almost all of the sold part of the estate went to immigrants from the Tambov province.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the count emigrated and died in Paris .

Population Dynamics

In 1839-1850 , the population of Poima decreased due to crop failures and famine from 7,493 to 4,680 people. In 1892, about 800 people died from cholera.

• Poima historical and architectural museum. (Sadovaya St., 39)
• Memorial Museum of the Writer-Teller A.P. Anisimova
• Manor of the manager Sheremetev
• Grave of Hero of the Soviet Union Pyotr Lipachev .

• Bondarevskaya T.P. Fugitive peasants of the Middle Volga region in the middle of the XVIII century // Peasantry and class struggle in feudal Russia. - Leningrad, 1967 .-- S. 389.
• Dolzhenkov V.V. Poim // Penza Encyclopedia. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2001 .-- S. 483.
• Samoilenko A. Seekers from the village of Poim // Meeting. - 1996. - No. 5.
• Samoilenko A. Old Believers as the basis for the formation of cultural and everyday traditions of Poima // Russian Province of the 18th – 20th centuries: Realities of cultural life. Vol. 1. - Penza, 1996.

• Administration of the Poimsky Village Council
• We catch (Nikolskoye) on the site "Penza region: cities, towns, people"
• Settlements of the Belinsky district on the Author's portal of Mikhail Poluboyarov
• Poima Museum
• Poima Historical and Architectural Museum
• Unofficial site of the village of Poim
• Tourist and regional studies club "Pilgrim" village Poim