Languages ok (also lang d'oc fr. Langue d'oc from lat. Hoc “tak”, “ yes ”) - the common name of all the Romanesque idioms of the northwestern Mediterranean, including southern France , which were used as an affirmative the word “ok” (oc) as opposed to the Ibero-Romance and Italian-Romance languages “si” (si <lat. sic) and Severo-French. Oui oui (<lat. Hoc + ille). The term “ok” was used in the Middle Ages, as opposed to all the North French idioms, called lang d'oil . Thus, the name lang d'ok is historicism , which at the time of use had an extremely general and very conditional character. The name was used in folk speech of the early Middle Ages, when the differences between the dialects of northern, middle and southern Latin intensified. Lang d'ok denoted only dialects that use lat as an affirmative particle. the word "hoc" (that), but for a long time it did not have a literary norm and broke up into a number of dialects and dialects . Some dialects of “ok” over time have become separate languages (for example, Gascon). On the basis of the literary norm of the Provencal dialect in the XII-XIII centuries. There was a literary Occitan (Provencal) language that medieval singers and troubadour artists popularized with their oral folk art. Currently, the former ok distribution area is divided by the state borders of France, Spain and Italy.
Content
- 1 Largest dialects
- 2 History
- 3 See also
- 4 References
Largest dialects
Several dialects stood out inside the range of the Lang d'ok (as well as inside the Lang d'Oil ). The largest of them:
- Gascon (the most western and most peculiar), often stands out in a separate Gascon language ( Gascon ). In the Spanish Autonomous Region of Catalonia , a separate dialect of the Gascon language has formed - the Aranian language .
- Languedoc (median). The name of the Department of Languedoc comes from Lang d'ok.
- Limousin
- Kressensky (border with Lang d'Oil)
- Overnsky
- Vivaro-Alpine
- Provencal (the easternmost) - in Provence (a district of the city of Marseille ). It is precisely because of the key role of Marseilles on the basis of this dialect that in the Middle Ages a literary Occitan language (also called Provencal) was formed.
- Nice is a sub-dialect of the city of Nice .
The approximate geographical border between the northern and southern linguistic areas of France initially developed back in the late ancient Gaul of the 3rd – 5th centuries and passed along the middle and lower reaches of the Loire River and further to the cities of Lyon and Geneva . The Old French language was formed on the basis of the Lang d'Oil dialects , and then, on the basis of the Paris dialect, the modern French language , which spread in modern times far south - to the historical territory of the Lang d'Oil.
History
The linguistic differences between the idioms of Northern and Southern France were largely the result of the climatic, ethnographic, genetic and cultural traditions of various groups of the Gallo-Roman population of northern and southern Gaul back in the Roman period. Antique romanization of the south of the country began earlier and had a deeper character than in the north, where autochthonous substrate Celtic elements remained for longer, on which German superstratum and substrate , especially powerful in the Belgian region, lay along the language border with the German language space in the V – X centuries .
See also
- The peoples of France