Vinogradsky, Sergey Nikolaevich

Born in Kiev in the family of a wealthy lawyer. After graduating from the 2nd Kiev Gymnasium in 1873, he entered the law faculty of Kiev University. However, a month later he switched to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. After 2 years, not satisfied with his studies, he left the university and entered the Petersburg Conservatory in the piano class, where he received a musical education.

In November 1877 he entered the second year of the natural branch of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University . After graduating in 1881, he devoted himself to microbiology and in 1885 he left for further studies in Strasbourg with Anton de Bari . In 1887 - 1888 , while working in the laboratory of Anton de Bari, he first showed the possibility of obtaining energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide and using it to assimilate carbon dioxide, thus opening up chemosynthesis (the organisms that carry out this process, he called anorgoxidants ). Prior to this, photosynthetic plants were considered to be the only autotrophic organisms ; therefore, these works provided Vinogradsky with worldwide recognition.

After the death of Anton de Bari in 1888, Vinogradsky continued to work at the University’s Institute of Hygiene in Zurich . Here he confirmed the observations of Warington that the nitrification process proceeds in two stages, and identified cultures of nitrifying bacteria . Developing the ideas of chemosynthesis, he proved that carbon for the structure of cellular matter can only be obtained by fixing carbon dioxide.

In 1894 he became a corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences , and in 1895 he isolated the first nitrogen - fixing bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum .

Despite numerous offers to stay in Zurich or move to Paris , in 1899 Vinogradsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he worked at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

In 1902 he received a doctorate and from that time until 1905 he was director of the institute. Here he studied dangerous infections, in particular the plague . His assistant was D.K. Zabolotny , who later became the founder of domestic epidemiology .

In 1905, due to health reasons, he left the institute and moved from raw Petersburg to Gorodok , the Kamenetz-Podolsk province , where he addressed the problems of agriculture and soil science.

After the revolution of 1917, he went first to Switzerland and then to Belgrade , where he wrote the book " Iron bacteria as antioxidants ." In 1922, at the suggestion of Emil Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute, he created at the institute a department of agricultural biology (another translation option: agrobacteriology) in Brie-Comt-Robert near Paris, which he directed until his death.

In 1923 he became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . It was the only case in her history that an emigrant was elected.

Studying the soil microbial community, S. N. Vinogradsky divided all the microorganisms living in it into autochthonous (typical, always encountered) and allochthonous (zymogenic) organisms (the development of which is associated with an increase in the concentration of organic matter). This division turned out to be applicable to most ecosystems . Studied cellulose degradation and nitrogen cycle. In 1949 , his book “ Soil microbiology, problems and methods ” was published in French, and in 1952 a translation of it into Russian was published in the USSR .

Vinogradsky devoted his last scientific work in 1952 to the taxonomy of bacteria.

In 2003, the name of the scientist was assigned to the Institute of Microbiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

• Brother - Alexander (1855-1912), music teacher, married to Lydia Mikhailovna nee?
• Sister - Maria (1859-1903), in her first marriage to Alexander Fedorovich Kazimir (1853-1889), brother of K. F. Casimir , she has Maria, Lydia and George with him. After the death of her first husband, she married Konstantin Konstantinovich Ushinsky (1859-1918). There are 4 children in this marriage: Dmitry, Maxim, Nikolai and Marianna.
• Brother - Nicholas (1864-1878), died of a youthful form of diabetes.
• Wife - Zinaida Alexandrovna, nee Tikhotskaya (1862-1939)
  • Daughter - Zinaida (1880-1917), married to Yuri Yuryevich Tsvetkovsky (younger),
  • Daughter - Tatyana (1881—?), Married to Konstantin Yuryevich Tsvetkovsky, from August 1920 in exile, lived in France.
  • Daughter - Catherine (1883—?), In marriage Shramchenko, later Bykhavskaya, microbiologist, helped her father, worked at the Pasteur Institute in France.
  • Daughter - Elena (1890—?), In marriage Blavdzevich, in exile in Poland, later in France.
• Mistress - Louise Zillweger (Zillweger, (circa 1877 — after 1950), fictitiously married to A. N. Rubashkin.
  • Daughter - Zinaida Alexandrovna Rubashkina (1906 — after 1953), married Berger ^[6] .

• Vinogradsky column

• Zavarzin G. A. Three lives of the great microbiologist: A documentary story about Sergey Nikolaevich Vinogradsky . - M. , 2009.
• Vinogradsky S. N. Annals of our life. M .: Max Press. 2013.805 p. ISBN 978-5-317-04500-5 Circulation 500 copies.
• Schlegel G.G. History of Microbiology. - M: publishing house URSS, 2002.
• Stories about the great bacteriologist S. N. Vinogradsky / Comp .: Yu. A. Masing , T. V. Andryushkevich, Yu. P. Golikov; Per. S. Borisov, ed. Yu. A. Masinga. - SPb. : Rostock, 2002 .-- 320 p. - (Fundamental science). - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-94668-008-0 .

• Vinogradsky S. N. Research Institute of Experimental Medicine of the North-Western Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
• Sergei Nikolaevich Vinograd Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology named after S. I. Vavilova RAS
• Three lives of the great microbiologist. The story of Sergey Nikolaevich Vinogradsky.
• Information on the IS ISRAN website