Tarsus [1] ( lat. Tarsus ) - a set of small foot bones, made between the bones of the tibia ( larger and peroneal ) proximally and the bones of the tarsus - distal . A joint that forms between the bones of the leg and the tarsus (more precisely, its ankle bone ) is called the ankle .
Content
Evolutionary Development
In the first terrestrial vertebrates ( stegocephals ), the tarsus consisted of a multitude of small bones, intimately connected both with each other and with the bones of the tibia. In connection with the adaptation to jumping, the ankle joint gradually formed, with the two proximal bones (corresponding to the man talus and heel) somewhat lengthened to form an additional lever for the foot.
In reptiles and birds, the proximal bones of the tarsus are again fixedly connected to the bones of the tibia (in birds they even grow together), and the distal bones of the tarsus are also fixedly joined to the bones of the tarsus. At the same time, to ensure mobility between the lower leg and foot, a special intertarsal joint between the tarsus bones is formed.
In mammals, tarsus more often consists of seven bones (like in humans ); in ungulates, as a device for running, the number of tarsal bones is reduced to five.
Tarsus person
In humans, tarsus is usually composed of seven bones (except for developmental abnormalities and numerous non-permanent sesamoid bones ). In the posterior part of the tarsal are the ankle bone , which articulates above the bones of the tibia, forming an ankle joint, and the calcaneus . In the anterior part there are small scaphoid , cuboid and three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate and lateral).
Several small joints are formed between the bones of the tarsus: the subtalar joint (between the talus and calcaneal bones), the ram-heel-navicular, calcaneocuboid and cuneiform. Through the three tarsus-metatarsal joints, the tarsus bones distally communicate with the bones of the tarsus.
Additional Images
Bones of the right foot, top view (back surface)
Bones of the right foot, bottom view (plantar surface)
The bones of the left foot, inside view
The bones of the left foot, outside view
Notes
- ↑ The emphasis on the last syllable is normative (in particular, fixed by many dictionaries ), but often, including in the speech of physicians, the term sounds with an accent on the penultimate syllable.
Sources and links
- R. Sinelnikov, Ya. R. Sinelnikov , Volume 1 // Atlas of Human Anatomy. In 4 volumes. - M .: Medicine, 1996. - 1160 p. - ISBN 5-225-02721-0 .
- Sapin MR, Bilich G. L. Vol. 1 // Human Anatomy. In two volumes . - Onyx, 1999. - 464 p. - ISBN 5-249-0057-6.
- Anatomy - Foot Bones (Verified August 26, 2017)
- Article "Plusists" in the Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary (Retrieved August 26, 2017)