Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel

University education Clausius received in Berlin .

The first work of Clausius on the mechanical theory of heat was published in 1850. In the same year in September, he received an invitation to the post of professor at the Berlin Royal Artillery School of Engineering ( Eng. The Royal Artillery and Engineering School ). Since 1855 - he occupied the department of mathematical physics at the Swiss Polytechnic School , at the same time he received an appointment to the University of Zurich . In 1867 he accepted an invitation to the post of professor at the University of Würzburg , and from 1869 he was a professor at Bonn ^[3] .

May 19, 1865 for research was elected a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences (Section of Mechanics).

The fame of Clausius was created by his work on theoretical thermodynamics, which used to be in his infancy; it was only thanks to the works of Clausius, along with the works of Joule , Helmholtz and Rankin , that thermodynamics was finalized.

In his work “On the driving force of heat and on the laws that can be obtained from here for the theory of heat,” published in 1850 , Clausius formulated a statement that later called a thermal axiom : “Heat cannot pass by itself from a cold body to a hot body” . The Clausius thermal axiom was the first formulation of the second law of thermodynamics , now known as the Clausius formulation . In a series of subsequent works on the mechanical theory of heat, Clausius refined his formulation of the second law and proved several new theorems, which now bear his name ^[4] .

In 1865 , the work “On various forms of the second beginning of the mathematical theory of heat, convenient for application,” appeared in which Clausius introduced the concept of entropy that is the most important for thermodynamics ^[5] .

Due to the clarity of the presentation of Clausius, the mechanical theory of heat at the very beginning of its development began to be applied to the explanation of phenomena from a completely different field of scientific knowledge. So, in 1867 , an analogy was established between evaporation and decomposition of chemical compounds.

In addition to these studies, Clausius is also known for his work on the elasticity of bodies, on optics and dynamic electricity. In mechanics, Clausius introduced the important concept of virial ( 1870 ).

The works of K. on the mechanical theory of heat appeared in the form of articles in the Poggendorffs Annalen (1848–62) and are collected in the classic Abhandlung über die mechanische Wärmetheorie (Braunschweig, 1864–67, 2 tons; last edition in 1887 ) .

Articles concerning other fields of physics and mathematics, Clausius has published in many journals:

• "Journal de Crelle",
• “Philosoph. Magaz. ",
• “Journal Matem. Liouville ",
• Comptes Rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

Separately published:

• “Ueber das Wesen der Wärme verglich. mit Licht und Schall ”( Zurich , 1857 );
• "Die Potential function und das Potential" ( Leipzig , 1859 ; 4th ed., 1885 ).

In 1935, the International Astronomical Union assigned the name of Rudolf Clausius to the crater on the visible side of the moon .

• Clausius inequality
• Clausius formula - Mossotti

• Gelfer Ya. M. History and methodology of thermodynamics and statistical physics. 2nd ed. - M .: Higher School, 1981. - 536 p.
• Clausius, Rudolf-Julius-Emmanuel // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Khramov Yu. A. Klausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel (Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel) // Physics: A Biographical Reference / Ed. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Science , 1983. - p. 134. - 400 p. - 200 000 copies (in the lane)