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Chronology of anti-Semitism

The chronology of anti-Semitism - historical events associated with manifestations of anti-Semitism - a form of xenophobia , an ideology of hostility towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group.

In Antiquity

  • III century BC. er - an essay by a priest, Manetho, on the exodus of the Jews from Egypt , where the Jews are represented as “unclean” [1] [2] .
  • 169 BC er - the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by Antiochus .
  • 19 year - the prohibition of Judaism in Rome .
  • 38 year - the first in the history of anti-Jewish pogrom in Alexandria . [3] [4]
  • Up to 47 years old - the accusation of Jews in human sacrifices , published by Apion [5] . Subsequently, it was translated into blood libel .
  • 59 year - pogrom in Caesarea [6] .
  • 313 - anti-Jewish edict of the emperor Constantine .
  • 387 - anti-Semitic sermons by John Chrysostom in Antioch . [7]
  • 388 - Christians at the instigation of a local bishop, led by several monks, defeated the synagogue of the city of Kallinicum (Mesopotamia) with the support of St. Ambrose [8] [9] .
  • 414 year - one of the first expulsions of Jews from Christian countries in Alexandria under the Byzantine Patriarch Cyril. [3]

In the Middle Ages

  • In 613, all Spanish Jews who refused to be baptized were forced to leave the country on the orders of King Sisebut . The rest a few years later were turned into slavery. [10] [11]
  • 622 - 628 years - the conflict between the Jewish tribes and the Muslim prophet Muhammad in the city of Medina . [12] [13]
  • In 638, the sixth cathedral in Toledo ruled that only Catholics can live in Spain. Some Jews adopted Christianity, the rest were again forced to leave the country. [14]
  • The 640s - the final expulsion of the Jews from the central and northern regions of the Arabian Peninsula by Caliph Omar . [15]
  • In 1007, the Bishop of Limoges Alduin demanded that Jews living in the territory of his diocese be baptized immediately or leave Limoges . Most of the Jews left the city. [sixteen]
  • In the spring of 1097, all Jewish merchants were expelled from the city in Kherson . [17]
  • In 1144, the first recorded case of blood libel occurred in Norfolk . [18]
  • In 1182, King of France Philip II Augustus issued a decree expelling all Jews from France and confiscating their property. Most of the exiles found refuge in France’s neighboring Champagne county, the kingdom of Provence , the county of Venezsen and other places. [sixteen]
  • 1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council demanded that Jews wear special identification marks on their clothes or wear special headdresses.
  • On July 18, 1290, King Edward I of England issued a decree expelling all Jews from the country.
  • On July 19 (or July 22 ), 1306, King Philip IV Handsome issued a decree on the eviction of Jews from France and the confiscation of all their property. One month was given for eviction. Lorraine , Savoie , Dauphiné , Franche-Comté also expelled the Jews. [sixteen]
  • On January 10, 1347, Basel authorities accused Jews of a plague epidemic. 600 Jews burned, 200 Jewish children converted to Christianity, a cemetery destroyed, a synagogue burned, Jews expelled from the country. [nineteen]
  • 1378 - Spanish Archbishop Felipe Martinez delivered anti-Jewish sermons and calls for violence.
  • On June 4, 1391, an anti-Jewish pogrom began in Seville . About 4,000 people were killed, many Jews were baptized violently. [20]
  • 1421 - Expulsion of Jews from Austria .
  • In 1454, the Czech authorities ordered the Jews to leave five of the six “royal cities” of Moravia - Brno , Jihlava , Olomouc , Znojmo (Tsnaim) and Nove Mesto-na-Morave (Neustadt), giving four months ’charges. [21]
  • March 31, 1492 - the Spanish royal couple Fernando and Isabella published the Alhambra decree expelling Jews from Spain . [22]

In New and Newest Time

  • In 1579, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Murad III, learning that Jewish women wore silk clothes decorated with precious stones , ordered the destruction of all Jews in the empire. [23] The decree was canceled thanks to one of the advisers to the Grand Vizier, the Jew Shlomo Ashkenazi . However, special clothes were introduced for the Jews, in particular, women were forbidden to wear silk, and men were prescribed a special form of a hat. [24]
  • On April 23, 1615, Louis XIII issued a decree expelling the Jews from France within a month on pain of death. Jews were forbidden to live not only in France, but also in its colonies. [25]
  • In 1669, in Kiev, Ioaniky Galyatovsky published a treatise “The Truthful Messiah” with the first justification of blood libel in Orthodox literature [26] .
  • April 26, 1727 - the decree of Empress Catherine I on the expulsion of Jews from Russia. [27]
  • December 2, 1742 - a decree of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna about the expulsion of Jews from Russia. [27]
  • 1799 - the Sennoe case : the first case with a blood libel in the Russian Empire

In the XIX century

  • 1815 - in the 6th volume of the work “The History of the Russian Hierarchy”, Archimandrite Ambrose (Ornatsky) described, with reference to the monastic notes of the Slutsk Holy Trinity Monastery, the legend of Gabriel Zabludovsky .
  • 1816 - Grodno affair , blood libel .
  • 1817 - Emperor Alexander I forbids building a blood libel on Jews.
  • 1821 - the pogrom in Odessa . [28]
  • 1823 - Velizh affair , blood libel.
  • 1840 - Damascus case and Blood libel on Rhodes .
  • 1844 - Emperor Nicholas I is presented with a brochure of the Ministry of the Interior “ Search for the killing of Christian babies by Jews and their use of blood ”.
  • 1850 - Richard Wagner published an essay “Jewry in Music” in the magazine Neue Zeitschrift für Musik .
  • 1853 - Saratov affair , blood libel.
  • 1859 - pogrom in Odessa. [28]
  • 1861 - research by Professor Daniel Khvolson “On some medieval accusations against the Jews” was published.
  • 1862 - the pogrom in Akkerman .
  • 1871 - pogrom in Odessa.
  • 1876 - the book of Hippolyt Lyutostansky was published “The Question about the Use of Jewish Blood by Christian Jews for Religious Purposes in Connection with the Question of the Relationship of Jewry to Christianity in General”
  • 1878 - Adolf Shteker created the first ever anti-Semitic political party in Austria [29] .
  • 1880 - Wilhelm Marr first uses the term "anti-Semitism" in the pamphlet "The Victory of Germanism over Judaism" ( German: Der Weg zum Sieg des Germanenthums über das Judenthum ).
  • 1881 - 1882 - mass pogroms in the Russian Empire. Including:
    • April 15-17, 1881 - the pogrom in Elisavetgrad .
    • April 26, 1881 - pogrom in Kiev
    • December 13-16, 1881 a pogrom took place in Warsaw .
  • On May 3, 1882, the so-called " May laws " were introduced in the Russian Empire . They abolished some of the earlier regulations under Alexander II , which allowed certain categories of Jews to live outside the Pale. After this, another expulsion of Jews from major cities took place. [30] [31] Jews were prohibited from settling, renting, and purchasing property outside cities and towns within the residency line itself. [32]
  • 1882 - 1883 - Blood libel in Tisaaslar .
  • September 11, 1882 - the first international anti-Semitic congress opened in Dresden [33] .
  • 1886 - the anti-Semitic book of Edward Drumon “Jewish France” is published in France.
  • 1894 - The Dreyfus Affair in France [34] .
  • 1897 - Austrian anti-Semite Karl Lüger was elected mayor of Vienna [34] .
  • 1899 - The Book of the Basics of the 19th Century was published in Germany by Houston Chamberlain . In it, he set out including the ideas of racial anti-Semitism .

In the 20th Century

  • On April 7 (20), 1902, in the issue No. 9372 of the newspaper Novoye Vremya (St. Petersburg) an article by Mikhail Menshikov was published, in which the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were first mentioned. Menshikov doubts the authenticity of the “Protocols” [35] .
  • April 1903 - the pogrom in Chisinau .
  • September 10 ( August 27 ) - September 20 (7), 1903 - in the St. Petersburg newspaper Znamya, published by Pavel Krushevanan , entitled “Program for the Conquest of the World by the Jews”, published for the first time the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion” [35] .
  • 1905 - 1906 - mass pogroms in the Russian Empire .
  • 1907 - pogroms in Romania .
  • March 1908 - a major pogrom in Jaffa , 13 people were seriously injured, several of them died [36] [37] [38] .
  • October 30, 1910 - Shiraz pogrom .
  • September 25 - October 28, 1913 - the trial of the Beilis Case in Russia.
  • November 1913-1914 - Fastovskoe case , blood libel .
  • March 28, 1917 - Jemal Pasha , the Ottoman governor of Palestine issued a decree expelling all Jews from Jerusalem , Jaffa and Tel Aviv [39] .
  • November 30, 1918 - The US State Department published a report called Bolshevism and Judaism, compiled by Boris Brazol and accusing American Jews of organizing the overthrow of the tsarist government in Russia [40] .
  • May 22, 1920 - The publication of a series of anti-Semitic articles began in the Henry Ford newspaper Dearborn Independent, the collection of which was subsequently published in the form of the book International Jewry [41] .
On January 16, 1921, 119 prominent Americans, including 3 presidents, 9 state secretaries, 1 cardinal, and many other US government and public figures, published an open letter condemning anti-Semitism to Henry Ford. [42] [41]
  • August 24, 1929 - pogrom in Hebron ( Mandate Palestine ). 67 Jews were killed, the rest were expelled from the city.
  • September 12, 1931 - a pogrom on the Kurfürstendamm , the first mass anti-Semitic action in the Weimar Republic [43] .
  • April 1, 1933 - The boycott of Jewish enterprises throughout Germany. In fact, legalized anti-Jewish activities in the country. [44]
  • April 7, 1933 - The introduction of the German “Law on the restoration of professional bureaucracy” and the dismissal of all officials who had at least one parent-Jew. [45]
  • April 25, 1933 - The introduction of quotas for Jews in educational institutions in Germany: no more than 5% in each school and no more than 1.5% in universities. [46]
  • May 10, 1933 - Public burning of works of Jewish authors and anti-Nazi books in Germany. [47]
  • On July 2, 1934, a Turkish pro-Nazi group led by J. R. Atilkhan organized Jewish pogroms in a number of cities in Eastern Thrace . Authorities resolutely stopped anti-Jewish riots. [24]
  • September 15, 1935 - Racist Nuremberg laws against the Jews were passed in Germany. [48]
  • July 14, 1938 - The Manifesto of Italian Racism was published [49] .
  • October 2, 1938 - Pogrom in Tiberias ( Palestine )
  • September 18-20, 1939 - after the departure of the Polish before the entry of Soviet troops into Grodno, an anti-Jewish pogrom took place. [50]
  • November 28, 1940 - the premiere of the German propaganda film by Fritz Hippler "The Eternal Jew ."
  • 1941 - the pogrom of Baghdad (" Farhud "), which killed at least 175 Jews
  • March 2, 1942 - the destruction of the Minsk ghetto , killed about 5,000 people.
  • July 22, 1942 - the beginning of the deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto to the death camps.
  • August 11, 1945 - the pogrom in Krakow , Poland . 1 woman killed, 5 people badly injured.
  • 1945-1947 - a series of Jewish pogroms in Arab countries ( Tripolitan , Cairo , Aleppo , Aden , Manama , etc.)
  • July 4, 1946 - the pogrom in Kielce , Poland. More than 40 dead and 50 wounded.
  • January 12, 1948 - the murder of Solomon Mikhoels .
  • 1948-1952 - " The Case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee " in the USSR.
  • 1948-1970s - mass exodus of Jews from Muslim countries
  • 1952-1953 - " The Case of Doctors " in the USSR .
  • October 28, 1965 - adoption by the Second Vatican Council of the "Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions" with direct condemnation of anti-Semitism. [51]
  • On September 6, 1986, a terrorist from the Palestinian organization Abu Nidal was shot from a machine gun to visitors of the Istanbul synagogue Neve Shalom during the Saturday prayer. 22 Jews were killed and 6 wounded. [52] [53]
  • On March 1, 1992, a terrorist of the Lebanese organization Hezbollah threw a hand grenade into the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul. There were no dead, one passer-by was injured. [54]

In the 21st Century

  • On November 15, 2003, explosives near two synagogues in Istanbul were carried out with the help of car bombed by suicide bombers. 25 people were killed and more than 300 injured [55]
  • On October 26, 2005, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, at the conference on a world without Zionism in Tehran , called for wiping Israel off the face of the earth. [56]
  • On January 21, 2006, he was kidnapped in Paris and after cruel torture on February 13, 23-year-old Ilan Halimi was killed. [57] The French police admitted that this crime was motivated by anti-Semitism. [58] [59]
  • On November 28, 2008, in Israel, the sentence was pronounced in the case of a neo-Nazi youth group - immigrants from the former USSR who attacked religious Jews and desecrated synagogues . The process was a shock to Israeli society, which first encountered the Nazis among its own citizens. [60] [61]
  • January 2009 - a series of anti-Semitic actions in Turkey related to the Israeli operation Cast Lead [62] .
  • On June 10, 2009, the 88-year-old racist and anti-Semite James von Brunn shot and killed a security guard at the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington . [63] [64]
  • On December 13, 2009 in Chisinau, a crowd led by priest Anatoly Chibrik smashed a Chanukah lamp installed in the center of the capital. [65] [66]
  • In June 2010, posters appeared in Turkish stores saying “We do not accept dogs and Israelis” [67] , while Islamists threatened Turkish Jews with violence in connection with the Turkish-Israeli conflict around the “Freedom Flotilla” [68] .
  • On March 2, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI published excerpts from his new book Jesus of Nazareth, in which he removed from the Jews the blame for the death of Christ [69] .

Notes

  1. ↑ Boris Milgrom. The Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic Period (English) (inaccessible link) . Brilliant Scholarly Arguments . Syracuse University . The appeal date is September 21, 2011. Archived April 6, 2012.
  2. ↑ Anti - Semitism - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  3. ↑ 1 2 Alexandria - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  4. ↑ Kovelman Arkady Bentsionovich . Alexandria massacre // Hellenism and Jewish culture . - M .: Bridges of Culture / Gesharim, 2007. - P. 11-19. - 224 s. - ISBN 978-5-93273-255-5 .
  5. ↑ Kardash A. Ab Misha (Neopr.) . Window. The appeal date is June 25, 2011. Archived April 6, 2012.
  6. ↑ G.Grusheva, G. Josephus, Philo of Alexandria and the author of the Acts of the Apostles on interethnic conflicts in Palestine, 1st c. n er // Written Monuments of the East: Yearbook. - Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS, 2005. - Vol. 2 (3) . - p . 205-222 .
  7. HOLY JOHN CHRISTMAS (ZLATOUST) AND CHRISTIAN ANTI-SEMITISM
  8. ↑ Eliade M. History of faith and religious ideas. Volume Two: from Gautama Buddha to the triumph of Christianity
  9. ↑ Johnson P. Part 2. Judaism // Popular Jewish History = A History of the Jews. from English Zotov I. L .. - M .: Veche, 2001. - 672 p. - 7000 copies - ISBN 5783806684 .
  10. ↑ History of persecution (Neopr.) . The gospel newspaper "Mirth" (2003). The appeal date is August 12, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  11. ↑ Moshe Ouerbach. Part 3. From the crusade to the expulsion from Spain // History of the Jewish people = History of the Jews. editor Zvi Wasserman, translation by Shvut Ami. - 1992.
  12. ↑ Adil Salahi. Muhammad: Man and Prophet. A complete study of life. - Element Books Ltd, 1998. - 752 p. - ISBN 9781862042902 .
  13. ↑ Medina - an article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  14. ↑ Spain - Article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  15. ↑ Arabian Peninsula - article from the Jewish Electronic Encyclopedia
  16. ↑ 1 2 3 France. French Jews in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages - Article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  17. ↑ Ukraine. Jews on the territory of Ukraine until the end of the XVIII century - an article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  18. ↑ UK - article from the Jewish Hebrew Encyclopedia
  19. ↑ The first victims among the Jews in Europe (Neopr.) . Voltaire, international edition in Russian (January 10, 2005). The appeal date is August 14, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  20. ↑ Seville - an article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  21. ↑ Czech Republic - an article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  22. ↑ Moshe Ouerbach. Fernando and Isabella. Unification of Spain and the expulsion of the Jews // History of the Jewish People = History of the Jews. editor Zvi Wasserman, translation by Shvut Ami. - 1992.
  23. ↑ The status of the Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire
  24. ↑ 1 2 Turkey - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  25. ↑ Expulsion of the Jews (Neopr.) . Jewish calendar Luahshana . The appeal date is August 14, 2009. Archived August 20, 2011.
  26. ↑ M. Shpirt, “The Truthful Messiah,” by Ioaniky Galyatovsky and His “Jewish” Sources // Lechaim: Journal. - April 2010. - Vol. 4 (216) .
  27. ↑ 1 2 Jews of Russia // National Policy in Imperial Russia / Compiled and edited by Semenov Yu. I. - M .: Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Coordination and Methodological Center of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after NN Miklouho-Maclay, 1997.
  28. ↑ 1 2 Odessa - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  29. ↑ Mihman, 2001 , p. 79-82.
  30. ↑ John Klier. Why Russian Jews were not loyal subjects? // New imperial history of the post-Soviet space: Collection of articles / Ed. I. V. Gerasimova, S. V. Glebova, L. P. Kaplunovsky, M. B. Mogilner , L. M. Semenova. - Kazan: Center for Studies of Nationalism and Empire, 2004. - P. 545—562. - 652 s. - (Library Library “ Ab Imperio ”). - 1000 copies - ISBN 5-85247-024-4 , ISBN 9785852470249 .
  31. ↑ Nitburg, Edward Lvovich . Russian religious sectarians and Old Believers in the USA // Modern history: journal. - 1999. - № 3 . - p . 34-51 .
  32. ↑ Alexander III // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 additional.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
  33. ↑ September 11 (Neopr.) . vokrugsveta.ru. The appeal date is December 26, 2015.
  34. ↑ 1 2 Anti-Semitism (Unsolved) . ushmm.org. The appeal date is March 6, 2015.
  35. ↑ 1 2 V. Skuratovsky. Introduction to the problem // The problem of authorship of the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion”. - Kiev: Spirit and Litera, 2001. - p. 7. - 241 p. - (Library of the Institute of Judaica). - ISBN 966-72-73-12-1 .
  36. ↑ Vishnevetsky A. 1908 in Jewish history // News of the week: newspaper. - Israel, October 7, 2008.
  37. ↑ Ararat N. Part IV. Zionist solution of the problem of the Jews of the Diaspora // Jewry and Zionism / Translation from Hebrew: Elena Konstantinovskaya, scientific editorial board: Ilya Lurie. - Jerusalem: Haman.
  38. ↑ Victims of the pogrom (Neopr.) (April 4, 1908). - from the newspaper "Russian word". - “ODESSA, 21, III. On the steamer "Russian" society "Tsar" today arrived in Odessa, several Jewish families from Jaffa affected during the pogrom. The fugitives report that among the seriously wounded Jews, several people died. ” The appeal date is May 25, 2010. Archived January 31, 2012.
  39. ↑ This day is in the history of the Middle East and the Islamic world (Neopr.) . ZMAN.com. The appeal date is April 8, 2012. Archived June 9, 2012.
  40. ↑ The Jewish question and the emigration policy of Germany and the United States in 1933-38.
  41. ↑ 1 2 Henry Ford's personal war against the Jews
  42. ↑ Bassin, Yakov Zinovievich . The Jewish question and the emigration policy of Germany and the United States in 1933-38. // Notes on Jewish History: Journal. - October 2009. - Vol. 16 (119) .
  43. ↑ Michael Mayer . NSDAP und Antisemitismus 1919-1933
  44. ↑ The anti-Jewish policy of Nazism in 1933-39.
  45. ↑ How many Jewish soldiers did Hitler have?
  46. ↑ on the basis of the law “On clogging with alien elements of German schools and universities”, a brief sketch of German national socialist law (1933-1939) D. A. Koshelev, 2004
  47. ↑ Book Day in Germany
  48. ↑ The situation in Germany in 1934-1935. and the Nuremberg Laws
  49. ↑ Documentazione (ital.) . olokaustos.org. The date of circulation is January 3, 2012. Archived March 25, 2012.
  50. ↑ Grodno - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  51. ↑ Declaration on the attitude of the Church to non-Christian religions
  52. ↑ Reeves P. Mystery surrounds "suicide" of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror (Eng.) // The Independent . - Jerusalem, August 20, 2002.
  53. ↑ Arsu S., Filkins D. 20 in Istanbul Die in Bombings At Synagogues (Eng.) // The New York Times . - Istanbul, Bahdad, November 16, 2003. - P. 15 .
  54. ↑ Istanbul - article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  55. ↑ The number of victims of the terrorist attack in Istanbul reached 25 people, November 18, 2003
  56. ↑ Iranian President urged to wipe Israel off the face of the Earth
  57. ↑ Parisian "Barbarians" kidnapped and killed a Jew, copying the tortures of Abu Ghraib prison
  58. ↑ French police admitted that the abduction and murder of a Jew was committed on the basis of anti-Semitism
  59. ↑ Nicolas Sarkozy recognized the murder of Halimi as "a crime motivated by anti-Semitism"
  60. ↑ Brain N. Hitlerüden // Russian Newsweek : Journal. - July 19, 2007.
  61. ↑ Israel condemned a gang of neo-Nazis from the former USSR
  62. ↑ Turkey during the Gaza Conflict (English) . World Jewish Congress (2009). The appeal date is May 25, 2010. Archived January 31, 2012.
  63. ↑ Suspect in the murder of a policeman in the Holocaust Museum faces execution
  64. ↑ Shooting at the Holocaust Museum in the USA: a security guard was killed, two wounded
  65. ↑ http://izrus.co.il/diasporaIL/article/2009-12-18/7773.html Pogrom in Chisinau: anti-Semitism or a test of power?
  66. ↑ Chisinau pogrom-2009 - Israeli Foreign Ministry outraged
  67. ↑ Zagury L. Anti-Semitism is moving into the mainstream (Eng.) . Aish.com (June 19, 2010). The appeal date was July 16, 2010. Archived January 31, 2012.
  68. ↑ Tutuklu İHH militanı nedeniyle Türk Yahudilerine açık tehdit Archival copy of March 23, 2011 on Wayback Machine (inaccessible link from 05/26/2013 [2252 days] - history , copy ) (tour)
  69. ↑ In the book “Jesus of Nazareth,” the pontiff removes the blame from Jews for the death of Christ.

Literature

  • Mihman D. The Catastrophe of European Jewry. - 1. - Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel , 2001. - V. 1. - ISBN 965-06-0233-X .

Links

  • Chronology of anti-Semitism
  • Pogroms - Article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Chronology of anti - Semitism&oldid = 100698736


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