Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric station

The Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric station is being built on the Kolyma river, 217 km downstream of the existing Kolyma hydroelectric station and 1677 km from the mouth of the Kolyma river, at the site of the largest narrowing of the river valley, 12 km above the currently abandoned village of Ust-Srednekan . On the section between the Kolyma and Ust-Srednekansk hydroelectric power stations , the Kolyma receives a number of tributaries, the largest of which are Bohapcha , Debin , Orotukan , Taskan ; the volume of lateral inflow is 4.5 km³. The average long-term costs of Kolyma in the region of Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP are 739 m³ / s, and winter costs may fall below 5 m³ / s. In the warm season, two flood seasons are observed: spring floods and summer-autumn floods; the maximum observed flow rate was recorded in 1939 and amounted to 17,900 m³ / s, the maximum estimated costs (repeatability less than 1 time in 10,000 years) are 33,300 m³ / s ^[1] .

Construction is carried out in severe climatic conditions, in the conditions of the development of permafrost , the depth of which is about 300 m (except for the under-bed talik zone). The climate is sharply continental , the average January temperature is −38 ° C, the absolute minimum temperature is −62 ° C, and the average annual temperature is −12 ° C. Annual precipitation is 509 mm ^[1] .

Strongly fractured sandstones , shales, and siltstones are located at the base of the structures. In the bed, bedrock is covered by a small (about 1 m) alluvium layer, on the banks - by deluvial deposits 10-15 m thick. Background seismicity is 7-8 points on the MSK-64 scale ^[1] .

Structurally, the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP is a powerful dam medium-pressure hydroelectric station. Hydroelectric facilities are divided into concrete dam , earthen dam, hydroelectric power station building, production and technological complex (PTK). The design installed capacity of the power plant is 570 MW, the actual as of 2019 is 310.5 MW, the design guaranteed capacity is 132 MW, and the design annual average electricity generation is 2.555 billion kWh ^{[2] [3]} .

Dam

The pressure front of the Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric power station with a total length of 2490 m includes an earthen and concrete dam. An earthen dam is sprinkled from sand - gravel soil, has antifiltration elements in the form of a core and a ponur from loamy - sandy loam soil. The design length of the dam is 2100 m, the maximum height is 65 m. The primary earthen dam is 1218 m long and 33.5 m high (crest mark 260.5 m) inscribed in the upper wedge of the dam, which created the pressure for temporary operation of the first two hydropower units on interchangeable impellers ^{[2] [4] [3] [5]} .

A concrete dam with a total length of 325 m and a maximum design height of 74 m consists of a spillway dam, a station dam, and a dead dam. Interfacing with an earthen dam is carried out using a concrete mating abutment of 70 m in length, which includes a concrete spur, upper and lower retaining walls. At the base of the concrete dam is placed an anti-filtration cementation curtain of 25 m depth (up to 100 m in the area of tectonic disturbances ). In areas with permafrost soils, the veil is arranged after preliminary electro-thawing of frozen rocks ^{[2] [4] [3]} .

A gravity-type spillway dam with a length of 150 m and a design height of 74 m, with 10 deep holes of 6 × 12 m in size, provides a flow pass of up to 17,200 m³ / s (security 0.01%). The energy of the discharge water is quenched in a water well 168.5 m long and 147 m wide. A station dam, 96 m long, 70 m high, 57 m wide at the base, includes a 4-section water inlet with 11.7 × 9 openings m, which turn into metal pressure pipelines with a diameter of 7.6 m. The discharge capacity of the spillway at the mark of the normal retaining level is 17,200 m³ / s. A blank concrete dam 105 m long, gravitational type, mates the pressure front with the right bank ^{[2] [4] [5]} .

Station Node

The building of the hydroelectric power station is of a dam type, the length of the turbine hall is 138 m and the width is 26 m, the length of the mounting platform is 36 m, the distance between the axes of the units is 22.5 m. Four vertical umbrella hydraulic units with a capacity of 142.5 MW each, s radial-axial turbines RO 115/0910-B-580, operating at a design head of 58.4 m (maximum 62 m). As of the beginning of 2019, three hydraulic units were installed. The first two turbines were put into operation on temporary interchangeable impellers RO 75 / 841I-580, designed to operate in a pressure range of 24–46 m, with reduced power; by the time the reservoir is filled up to the design mark, the temporary impellers must be replaced by permanent ones. The turbines drive the CB 1258 / 172-60UHL4 hydrogenerators, generating electricity at a voltage of 15.75 kV. The manufacturer of hydraulic turbines is the Leningrad Metal Plant , and the hydrogenerator is the Electrosila plant (both enterprises are part of the Power Machines concern). The waste water from the turbines is discharged into a discharge channel 105 m wide, separated from the water well by a separate wall ^{[2] [4] [3]} .

Electricity is transmitted from generators to 4 step-up transformers of the TDTs 200000/220 (as of the beginning of 2019, three transformers were installed) located in the bosom between the station dam and the hydroelectric power station building. Adjacent to the building of the hydroelectric power station is a production and technological complex consisting of three blocks: a 220 kV switchgear block, an administrative and economic block, and a building for operational services. The power output of the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP to the power system of the Magadan Region should be carried out from a closed-circuit gas - insulated switchgear. Electricity and power are supplied by the following power lines: ^{[2] [3] [6] [7]} .

• VL-220 kV Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP - Substation Orotukan (2 circuits);
• VL 220 kV Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP - Kolymskaya HPP (planned, should be built before the launch of hydraulic unit No. 4);
• 220 kV overhead line of the Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric station - Omsukchan substation (planned).

The station is operated on a rotational basis . For the temporary residence of operating personnel, a building of hotel-type operational services for 120 people is provided ^[4] .

• Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric station
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  The building of hydroelectric power station and PTK

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  Spillway dam

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  Engine room, generator rotor

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  Generator Stator Assembly

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  Turbine impeller

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  Pressure conduit

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  Pressure line valve

Reservoir

Pressure structures of hydroelectric power plants form the Ust-Srednekanskoe reservoir with a design area of ​​265 km², a full and useful capacity of 5.4 and 2.57 km³, respectively. The mark of the normal retaining level (NPU) is 290 m, the level of dead volume is 278 m. When creating the reservoir, 40 hectares of farmland are flooded , no resettlement of the population is required ^{[2] [8]} . In 2013–2018, the reservoir functioned under the following parameters: NPU mark - 256.5 m, area 59.6 km², total volume 0.524 km³, net volume not available ^[5] . In the fall of 2018, the reservoir was filled up to a new mark and is operated with the following parameters: the mark of NPU - 274.3 m for the winter period and 268.5 m for the summer period, the area of ​​110.4 km², the total volume (when marking the NPU of the winter period) 2.284 km³ ^[9] .

The commissioning of the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP, as planned, will allow: ^{[4] [3]}

• to increase 1.5 times (by 102 MW) the guaranteed winter capacity and production of the Kolyma hydroelectric station;
• in the future, to increase the guaranteed winter capacity of the Kolyma cascade to 430 MW by increasing the NPU at the Kolyma hydroelectric station by 1.5 m at minimal cost;
• create prerequisites for the development of mining enterprises, primarily gold mining (the Natalka GOK under construction is considered as the main consumer of electricity);
• to provide power to a large Baimsky GOK in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, for which it is planned to build a power line (energy bridge) connecting the energy system of the Magadan Region and the Chaun-Bilibino energy center;
• switch to regulation of navigational releases to the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP, which will remove restrictions on the operating modes of the Kolyma HPP;
• to let in the summer period all lateral inflow in transit to the downstream , without retaining water in the Ust-Srednekansky reservoir;
• increase the reliability of energy supply in the Magadan region, ensure the energy security of the region, in winter the station will take part in daily and weekly load regulation of the central energy hub of Magadanenergo , maintain a constant frequency and act as an emergency reserve in the power system ;
• abandon the construction of new thermal power plants , reduce the consumption of imported fuel and thereby improve the ecological condition of the region;
• reduce the growth of electricity tariffs in the Magadan region by reducing the cost of its production;
• create new jobs , reduce the outflow of the population, improve the social situation in the region;
• to improve the quality of life of the population due to the transfer of boiler houses to electric heating and hot water supply .

The customer for the construction of the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP is Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP JSC, and the general contractor is Ust-SrednekanGESstroy JSC. Both organizations are subsidiaries of Kolymaenergo PJSC, which in turn is part of the RusHydro group.

The environmental impact of Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP is assessed as limited. The operating mode of the reservoir assumes its filling in the winter period with increased (compared to the natural values ​​of the river runoff) discharges from the Kolyma hydroelectric station and its discharge in the summer (flood) period, which will minimize the impact of the reservoir on the water regime in the downstream and reduce this effect of the Kolyma reservoir . The project provides for the complete forest treatment of the reservoir bed. The Ust-Srednekanskoye reservoir, acting as a sump, will contribute to improving the quality of water in Kolyma, polluted by effluents from mining enterprises. Below the hydroelectric station in winter, the formation of non-freezing ice-hole is expected to be 10–25 km long, which does not have a significant negative effect on human health due to the lack of a permanent population in this region ^[1] . Passing salmon fish do not enter Kolyma, the spawning grounds of most valuable semi-migratory and residential fish species ( Siberian sturgeon , peled , chir , muksun , etc.) are located significantly below the site of the hydroelectric station ^[10] .

The Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP was designed by the Lengidroproekt Institute in the 1980s, the feasibility study for the construction of the station was approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Energy and Electrification (USSR Ministry of Energy) dated January 4, 1989. On behalf of the State Committee for Nature Protection of the RSFSR, the Magadan Regional Committee for Nature Protection under the project for the construction of the Ust-Srednekansky HPP conducted an examination and issued a positive opinion of October 25, 1990. The title of construction was approved by the Ministry of Energy of the USSR on December 21, 1990, the construction was supposed to be carried out in 1991-2000, with the introduction of hydraulic units in 1999. In 1991, the construction department of SrednekanGESstroy was established, the preparatory phase began - the construction of a highway to the village of Ust-Srednekan, the preparation of the construction base. In 1992, excavation work was started at the site of the hydroelectric complex - the bulkheads of the foundation pit of the main structures were dumped, a temporary concrete plant was commissioned. The first cubic meter of concrete at the construction of the hydroelectric power station was laid in 1993, in the same year the bridge over the Kolyma was put into operation, which provided transport communication with the left-bank construction site. In 1996, the first tower crane ( KBGS-450 ) was commissioned, as well as the second stage of a temporary concrete plant and a 110/35/6 kV substation. By the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 20, 1995 “On urgent measures of state support to solve the socio-economic problems of the Magadan Region”, the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP was included in the list of the most important construction projects and facilities financed from the federal budget . In 1999, the installation of hydropower equipment — the suction pipes of the first two hydraulic turbines — began , and work began on the installation of an air curtain . In general, in the 1990s, construction was carried out at a slow pace due to insufficient funding, which was carried out mainly from the federal budget ^{[2] [3]} .

In 2000, spiral chambers of hydraulic turbines were mounted, and in 2002, suction pipes of hydraulic units No. 3 and 4 were installed. In 2001, when ice flowed through the gauge site, an ice jam formed , which led to an unaccounted rise in water and flooding of the construction pit, from which there were advance people and equipment were withdrawn, which allowed to minimize damage. In the future, special measures were developed to prevent congestion by increased discharges of water from the Kolyma hydroelectric station ^[4] . In 2004, two hydrogenerators were delivered to the customer’s warehouses, 26 thousand m³ of reinforced concrete were laid. The Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP project passed a second state examination and on March 9, 2004 was re-approved by an act of the Ministry of Energy . Был поднят вопрос о целесообразности продолжения строительства станции — 21 января 2005 года в Минпромэнерго России состоялось заседание Межведомственной рабочей группы по определению целесообразности достройки Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС. В заседании приняли участие представители Минэкономразвития России , РАО «ЕЭС России» , администрации Магаданской области, независимые эксперты. Межведомственной рабочей группой с учётом экспертного заключения и позиций заинтересованных ведомств было принято решение о достройке пускового комплекса Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС. В 2005 году были изготовлены и доставлены два гидрогенератора, уложено 26 тыс. м³ железобетона и 30 тыс. м³ насыпи ^{[2] [11] [12]} .

В 2006 году на строительстве было уложено 26 тыс. м³ железобетона, 13 и 27 сентября того же года в аэропорт Магадана были доставлены два временных рабочих колеса турбин ГЭС, весом по 96 тонн каждое. Общая готовность пускового комплекса ГЭС превысила 80 % ^[13] . В 2007 году строительство Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС было включено в федеральную целевую программу «Экономическое и социальное развитие Дальнего Востока и Забайкалья на период до 2013 года» и было существенно активизировано — впервые на продолжение строительства было выделено более миллиарда рублей. В июле 2007 года из ОАО «Колымаэнерго» были выделены дочерние общества — ОАО «Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС» (заказчик строительства) и генеральный подрядчик по строительству ОАО «Усть-СреднеканГЭСстрой» ^[14] .

В 2008 году в результате реформы «РАО ЕЭС» строящаяся станция перешла в собственность ОАО «РусГидро». В апреле на стройплощадку станции были доставлены по зимнику рабочие колёса гидротурбин, до того момента находившиеся на хранении в аэропорту. В декабре была начата сборка гидроагрегата № 1. За год уложено 86 тыс. м³ гидротехнического бетона, выполнен монтаж напорных водоводов, мостовых кранов машинного зала грузоподъёмностью 320 т, большие объёмы земляных и цементационных работ. Начато строительство ВЛ 220 кВ «Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС — Оротукан». Значительное увеличение объёмов работ вызвано ростом финансирования в 2 раза, до 2,5 млрд руб. ^[15] В 2009 году было уложено 55 тыс. м³ бетона, велись монтаж двух гидротурбин (смонтирована 1000 т оборудования) и проходка подходного и дренажного тоннелей ^[16] .

В 2010 году строительство впервые финансировалось не только из средств федерального бюджета (812 млн руб.), но и за счёт инвестиционных средств ОАО «РусГидро» в объёме 2 млрд руб. За год уложено 56 тыс. м³ бетона, на строительную площадку доставлены два силовых трансформатора, вёлся монтаж затворов водосбросной плотины, земляные работы ^[17] . В 2011 году строительство станции было профинансировано на рекордные 4,7 млрд руб., 7 июля было произведено затопление строительного котлована ГЭС, 25 сентября в створе ГЭС перекрыта река Колыма, пропуск воды осуществляется через отверстия водосбросной плотины. В течение года было уложено 73 тыс. м³ бетона, смонтировано более 2000 тонн металлоконструкций , земляные работы (разработка карьеров и отсыпка грунта) выполнены в объёме 2,8 млн м³, завершена проходка подходного и дренажного тоннелей ^{[18] [21] [22] [23]} .

В 2012 году сооружения напорного фронта Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС возведены до отметки первого пускового комплекса. В течение года велись работы по отсыпке земляной плотины, монтажу гидроагрегатов и КРУЭ 220 кВ ^[24] .

Пуск первых двух агрегатов на пониженной отметке водохранилища произведён в 2013 году (мощность ГЭС составила 168 МВт) ^[25] .

В 2015 году в основные бетонные сооружения Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС уложено почти 32 тыс. м³ бетона, высота отдельных секций плотины увеличена на 6 метров. Также в 2015 году строители продолжали возведение земляной плотины в её русловой части. Выполнялась отсыпка упорных призм, ядра, переходных зон. Всего за год в тело плотины уложено более 1 млн м³ грунта ^[26] . В июне 2016 на стройплощадку доставлено рабочее колесо турбины гидроагрегата № 3 ^[27] .

В январе 2017 года Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС было присвоено имя Анатолия Федоровича Дьякова ^[28] .

Гидроагрегат № 3 пущен 5 марта 2019 года, мощность ГЭС увеличилась до 310,5 МВт. Для завершения строительства станции необходимо достроить плотины, заменить временные рабочие колёса на штатные на первых двух гидроагрегатах, смонтировать гидроагрегат № 4, пуск которого намечен на 2022 год ^[29]

Строительство станции ведётся вахтовым методом , для проживания строителей построен вахтовый посёлок с 5 пятиэтажными общежитиями , рассчитанными на 800 человек ^[4] .

• Дворецкая М.И., Жданова А.П., Лушников О.Г., Слива И.В. Возобновляемая энергия. Гидроэлектростанции России. - SPb. : Издательство Санкт-Петербургского политехнического университета Петра Великого, 2018. — 224 с. — ISBN 978-5-7422-6139-1 .
• Усть-СреднеканГЭСстрой. Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС. Энергетическая стабильность Магаданской области. — Магадан: «Охотник», 2011. — 20 с.
• Когадовский О.А, Фриштер Ю.И. Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. — М. : Энергопромиздат, 1996. — 304 с. — ISBN 5-283-01259-X .
• Ферингер А. Б., Кабанов Н. В. Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС // Гидротехническое строительство. — 2012. — № 8 . — С. 38—40 .

• Официальный сайт АО «Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС» (неопр.) . АО «Усть-Среднеканская ГЭС». Дата обращения 2 января 2013. Архивировано 5 января 2013 года.
• Описание Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС на сайте института «Ленгидропроект» (неопр.) . Институт «Ленгидропроект». Дата обращения 2 января 2013. Архивировано 20 января 2013 года.
• Строительство Усть-Среднеканской ГЭС в официальном блоге ПАО «РусГидро» (неопр.) . ПАО «РусГидро». Дата обращения 2 января 2013. Архивировано 5 января 2013 года.