Altai Mountain District

The active development of Siberians in general by the Russian settlers and Altai in particular began in the second half of the seventeenth century . Mining in Altai arose in 1723 on the initiative of Akinfiy Demidov , who founded the Kolyvan Plant here ( 1726 ) and the Zmeinogorsky mine ( 1737 ). Initially, the district was called by the name of the oldest plant - Kolyvan-Voskresensky . After the death of Demidov in 1745 there was a change of ownership of the factories - Altai came into the possession of the royal family of the Romanovs , and the mines and factories of the district went to the Cabinet of Ministers .

The number of metallurgical enterprises of the district included: Kolyvansky ( 1729 - 1766 , 1790 - 1799 ), Barnaul ( 1744 - 1893 ), Pavlovsky ( 1765 - 1893 ), Loktevsky ( 1789 - 1893 ), Gavrilovsky ( 1795 - 1897 ), Zmeevsky ( 1805 - 1893 ), Aleysky ( 1775 - 1799 ), Irbinsky ( 1759 - 1770 ), Tomsky ( 1771 - 1864 ), Guryevsky ( 1816 ) and Suzunsky ( 1766 - 1914 ) plants.

The dynamics of silver smelting grew from 44 pounds in 1745 to a record figure of 1277 pounds in 1772 . Later, until the middle of the 19th century , up to 1000 pounds were smelted annually, after which production dropped to 479 pounds in 1891-1893 .

In 1766 - 1847, a mint specialized in the production of a Siberian ( 1766 - 1781 ) and all-Russian (from 1781 ) copper coin operated at the Suzunsky plant.

Stone cutting factories occupied a special place in the industry: the Loktev grinding mill ( 1786 - 1800 ) and the Kolyvan grinding factory ( 1802 ).

From the second third of the XIX century to the Altai industrial facilities (during this period included in the administrative and territorial composition of the Tomsk province ) belonged the gold-mining industries and mines: Tsarevo-Nikolaev, Uspensky, Tersinsky, Egoryevsky, Pezasky, Mungatsky, Belsinsky, Ursky, Mrassky and others . The average annual production of alluvial gold in the district ranged from 8 pounds in 1830–1835 and 1883–1891 to 40 pounds in 1851–1857 .

The main suppliers of silver ore for the Kolyvano-Voskresensk plants were the Zmeinogorsk, Zyryanovsk, Salair and Riddersk deposits. From the second half of the 19th century, the office of the Altai Mining District also marked all the commodity gold imported along the Ob and Ob-Yenisei Canal from all the mines of Tomsk and other districts of the Tomsk province , as well as the Chulym and Yenisei mines of the Achinsk and Yenisei districts of the Yenisei province . Such difficult-organized delivery of gold to the state marking by Altai state-owned plants led to the development of early bourgeois entrepreneurship in Siberia, to the rapid development of the Tomsk Ob shipping company (inaccessible link) , and at the very end of the 19th century to the creation of the Tomsk railway infrastructure in South Siberia .

After depriving the heirs of Akinfiy Demidov of the rights to non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the Upper Ob, they came under the control of the central institution - the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty . Since 1748, the authorities of the mining district were located in Barnaul : the Office of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining authorities (the Mining Office). At its head stood the chief commander of the factories, who was appointed by the monarch and was the highest official in the district.

In 1747, after the transfer of the Demidov enterprises in Altai to the royal Cabinet, the first commander of the Kolyvan-Voskresensk factories was appointed Major General Andreas Benediktovich Beer ^[1] .

Direct production management was concentrated in the mountain offices. The final set of 8 mountain firms was established in Altai at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries ( Barnaul , Zmeinogorsk , Salair , Pavlovsk, Suzun , Loktevskaya, Tomsk and Kolyvan ) when the Kolyvansky and Alei plants ceased to exist and the Kolyvan grinding factory went into operation. The offices of the enterprises were in the management of the mining and industrial settlements, which consisted of the mining administration, artisans and working people, merchants, townspeople, workshop workers, raznochintsy.

The time period from 1830 to 1855 in the history of Altai is known as the lease period of the Altai Mining District by the Ministry of Finance (formally, in the territory of the Tomsk province ). The corresponding decree issued the rental relationship between the Cabinet and the Ministry of Finance for an indefinite period. In 1830, Altai enterprises under the terms of a lease were transferred to the subordination of the Department of mining and salt affairs of the Ministry of Finance of Russia . Rent continued until 1855 . The transfer of the Kolyvano-Voskresensk plants by P. K. Frolov to F. F. Beger in 1830 had a significant peculiarity: through this standard procedure, the Ministry of Finance was in direct control of the district. In the same year of 1830, the position of a mining officer was introduced, responsible for current affairs in the district. He was considered the “local owner of the factories”, obliged to delve into all the details of production management and people. The mining chief, more often than the chief one, presided over the mining administration, headed the mining council during his absence, observed the successful course of affairs in all divisions of the district administration, carried out systematic revision visits to the mining and processing centers. The main purpose of the inspection was the desire to achieve the coordinated work of all the district institutions in the implementation of the annual order of production of non-ferrous and ferrous metals. The Tomsk governor, in the post of the chief commander of the factories, was left with general management of the industry and supervision of the activities of the mining administration. For the successful conduct of business with him was opened a special office. Almost all the chief commanders of the period 1830-1855. ( E. P. Kovalevsky (1830–1836), A. N. Shlenev (1836–1838), F. F. Beger (1838–1840), S. P. Tatarinov (1840–1846), P. P. Anosov (1847-1851)) proved themselves to be either outstanding innovators, or skilled production organizers, or both. The abolition of the post of chief chief of the Altai plants occurred by decree of April 5, 1864 , and the mining chief became known as the head of the mining district.

Since 1831, the Ministry of Finance has entrusted the chief of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants and the Mining Office with the management of the area under the mines and the supervision of private entrepreneurs in Western Siberia , Achinsk, Minusinsk, and from 1838 - the Krasnoyarsk districts of Eastern Siberia . It commissioned the Barnaul gold-alloy in 1835 to alloy and test the gold of individuals from all Siberian industries. Since 1842, cases in private mines have been allocated to a special table of the Altai mountain government. In 1856, a special 5th branch was created for them under the Mining Board.

The nearest local oversight of the gold producers was concentrated in the three auditors from among the mining officials. In 1834, a specialized administration of state-owned crafts was established in Altai, the head of which was in the position of manager of a mining company. In 1888, the department of private gold mining was abolished under the head of the Altai Mining District. For the management of gold mining in Western Siberia and the Steppe General Governorate , a specialized administration was established in Tomsk with subordination to the Ministry of State Property.

The historically established special territorial-economic infrastructure of the Barnaul and its neighboring counties was actively debated in the highest authorities of the country, and as a result, on June 17, 1917 by the Provisional Government of Russia (Minister-Chairman A.Ferensky ) they were again removed from the Tomsk province formed Altai province .

Folklore

A special mining folklore developed in the AGO, the discoverer of which was Alexander Alexandrovich Misyurev (“Altai Bazhov”). His folklore collections, published for the first time in the 1930s, became famous and republished (Legends and were. Folklore of old miners in the South. And Western Siberia. [Preface by M. Azadovsky], 2 ed., Novosib., 1940; Traditions and tales of Western Siberia, Novosibirsk., 1954, etc.).

• Gornozavodsky districts
• Heads of the Altai Mining District

• Altai: Historical and statistical compendium on the economic and civil development of the Altai Mining District. - Tomsk, 1890.
• Karpenko ZG The mining and metallurgical industries of Western Siberia in the years 1700-1860. - Novosibirsk, 1963.
• GP Zhidkov. The Cabinet Land Tenure (1747-1917). - Novosibirsk, 1973.
• Sobolev, T. N., Acceleration, VN. Essays on the history of the cabinet economy in the Altai (second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries). Management and maintenance. - Barnaul, 1997.
• Perezhogin A. A. The militarized control system of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (Altai) mining district (1747—1871). - Barnaul, 2005.
• Borodaev V. B., Kontev A. V. Historical atlas of the Altai Territory: cartographic materials on the history of the Upper Ob and the Irtysh River (from antiquity to the beginning of the XXI century). - Barnaul, 2006.

• F. Maine "Topographic Map of the Altai Mining District", 1864
• Perezhogin A. A. KOLYVANO-VOSKRESENSKIY MOUNTAIN DISTRICT
• The painting of the mining and factory ranks and their duties of His Imperial Majesty's own Kolyvan-Voskresensk mining plants (according to the recapitulation of 1799) (not available link)
• V.V. Vedernikov, Reforms of 1834 and 1883 in the Altai Mining District
• Perezhogin A. A. Formation of the Institute of the Military Court in the Kolyvano-Voskresensk Gorny Okrug (1747-1780)