Scripture in islam

Sukhuf ( Arabic. صحف - scrolls) - scrolls in which there were revelations of Allah to individual prophets. According to legend, the total number of Sukhufs is 100 ^[1] .

• 10 Sukhuf - Adam (or Muse ) ^[1] ;
• 50 Sukhuf - Shisu (Sifu);
• 30 Sukhuf - Idris (Enoch);
• 10 (or 20) Sukhuf - Ibrahim ( Abraham ) ^[1] .

After Sukhuf, Allah sent down 4 Holy Books.

Scrolls of Ibrahim

The scrolls of Ibrahim are mentioned in the Qur'an, in the suras " Najm " ("Star") and " al-Ala " ("Supreme").

Advise people if the reminder is beneficial. Whoever fears will take it and the most miserable will turn away from him, who will enter the greatest Fire. He will not die there and will not live. The one who cleansed succeeded remembered the name of his Lord and performed namaz. But no! You prefer worldly life, although the last life is better and longer. Truly, this is recorded in the first scrolls - the scrolls of Ibrahim (Abraham) and Musa (Moses). 87: 9-19 ( Kuliev )

Didn’t they tell him what was in the scrolls of Musa (Moses) and Ibrahim (Abraham), who fulfilled the commandments of Allah completely? No soul will bear the burden of others. A person will receive only what he aspired to. His aspirations will be seen and then he will receive full reward. 53: 36–41 ( Kuliev )

Taurat

Taurat ( Arabic: توراة - Torah , Pentateuch ) - Holy Scripture, revealed by Allah to the Prophet Musa . Taurat is mentioned in the Qur'an almost always with Injil. Ingil confirmed the correctness of what was said in Taurat, and the Quran confirms the correctness of Taurat and Ingil. By confirmation of correctness, we primarily mean the Old Testament prophecy about the prophet Isa . According to the Qur'an, Taurat and Ingil contain a prophecy about the appearance of a prophet named Ahmad ^{[2] [3] [4]} .

Taurat is the holy book of the Jews. The rabbis and scribes judge by Taurat, and earlier the prophets judged believers by it. However, the rabbis and scribes remembered only part of the holy book, distorted Taurat ^[5] and attributed to him nonexistent prohibitions ^[6] . In the disputes of the Prophet Muhammad with the Jews, Taurat, as it were, is involved as a witness in favor of the Prophet. Quotations from the Torah in the Qur'an sometimes almost coincide ^[7] , sometimes remotely resemble psalms ( Zabur ) ^[8] . Psalms (Zabur) is the second holy book of the Jews. It is mentioned by name in several Quranic verses ^[9] . Allusions to the texts of the Torah are often found in the collections of hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. In the hadiths, traces of the polemics of the first Muslims with Jews were also preserved ^[10] .

In Islamic tradition, there is evidence that Taurat consisted of 40 parts (Juzes), and in each part there were 1000 verses. Only Musa ( Moses ), Harun ( Aaron ), Yusha ibn Nun ( Joshua ), Uzayr ( Ezra ) and Isa ibn Maryam ( Jesus Christ ) knew Taurat completely by heart. Islamic tradition also reports that the original Taurat was burned and lost during the conquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar ^[11] . The remaining individual narratives were mixed with Jewish Jewish tradition and, after many centuries, were put together in a single book. This book is not the original of Taurat brought by the prophet Musa ^[10] .

Medieval Islamic scholars have widely used Taurat's texts to comment on Quranic tales of biblical characters. In the VIII-X centuries. The Torah was translated into Arabic from Greek, Hebrew, and even from the Latin text. Later, Coptic, Syrian, and other translations of the Torah appeared, made by Christians and Samaritans, mainly for their own needs. Around the 9th century Islamic theologians began to cite the texts of the Torah about the prophecy of Muhammad ^[12] . They usually referred to Genesis 16: 9-12; 17:20; 21:21; Deuteronomy 18:18, 33: 2, 12 and so on ^[13] .

Zabur

Zabur ( Arabic: زبور ) is a scripture sent to the Islamic prophet Dawood ( David ). Mentioned in the Qur'an ^[14] . Zabur is the second Scripture after Taurat revealed by Allah. Most Islamic scholars consider the Psalter to be Zabur. Zabur is the smallest Divine Book in volume. Unlike Taurat and the Qur'an, Zabur does not contain new religious prescriptions ^[15] . The Prophet Dawood was guided by the Shariah of Musa, and Zabur was called to further strengthen the Shariah of Musa. The poems (psalms) of Zabur were sent down in a poetic style and contained wise sayings and a number of recommendations and instructions ^[16] .

Injil

Injil ( Arabic: إنجيل ) is one of the four holy books of Islam , the Arabic name for the gospel used in the Qur'an. From the point of view of Muslims, Injil was revealed by Allah to the prophet Isa . Broadly, Injill includes all the books of the New Testament .

Muslims believe that the well-known text of the New Testament has not reached our days in its original form, and the existing one is just a retelling, which has been amended ( tahrif ) and additions for centuries, and therefore it only partially conveys the original meaning ^[17] .

Quran

The Qur'an ( Arabic: أَلْقُرآن ) is a holy book of Muslims . The word “Quran” comes from the Arabic “reading aloud”, “edification” ^{(Quran 75: 16-18) [18] [19]} . The Qur'an is a collection of revelations delivered on behalf of God by the Prophet Muhammad . The modern edition of the Koran is considered to be a compilation of records compiled and summarized by a special board led by Zeid ibn-Sabit, at the behest of the second caliph Umar ibn Khattab , approved as the only canonical version under the third caliph Usman . In the Muslim tradition, it is believed that the canonical version was approved according to the general opinion of the companions of the prophet who remained alive at that time that Mohammed himself read the Quran as a complete whole. At the same time, today there are seven known reading options - tajvid - Koran, dating back to various schools of the initial period of Muslim history ^[20] .

The Qur'an was recorded according to the words of the Prophet Muhammad by his associates . According to Muslim tradition, the transmission of the Koran was carried out through the angel Djibril and lasted for almost 23 (more precisely 22, from 610 to 632 years) years, and Muhammad received his first revelation at the age of forty, on the Night of Power ( Ramadan month).

The Quran is devoted to many studies by both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars. In the Muslim world, Jalal ad-Din al-Suyuta (1455-1505) ^{[21] was} recognized as one of the recognized generalizing works.

According to Islamic dogma , the Quran is:

• divine guidance for humanity, the last Holy Scripture sent down by Allah ^[19] ;
• the eternal and uncreated Word of God, the testimony of prophecy and the last heavenly revelation, which confirmed the truth of all previous scriptures, canceled the laws they proclaimed and approved the latest and most perfect heavenly legislation ^{[18] [19]} (however, serious theological discussions took place in Islamic history on questions about the creation / inco-creation of the Koran);
• a miracle, one of the proofs of the prophetic mission of Muhammad, the culmination of a series of divine messages. Divine messages began with Adam , including the Scrolls of Abraham , Taurat ( Torah ), Zabur ( Psalter ) and Injil (Gospel) ^[19] .

In Islamic countries, the Qur'an serves as the basis for legislation , both religious, civil and criminal.

Tahrif ( Arabic تحريف - Russian distortion of words; rearrangement of letters in a word ) - in Islamic theology: the changes that Jews and Christians made in the biblical manuscripts Taurat ( Torah ), Zabur ( Psalter ) and Injil ( Gospel ) ^[17] . Among the theologians who claimed the tachyph of biblical texts were Ibn Hazm , al-Kurtubi , al-Makrizi , Ibn Taymiyyah , Ibn Kayyim and others ^[22] .

The theme of tahrif was first addressed in the writings of Ibn Hazm (X century), who rejected the authorship of the Torah by Moses ( Musa ) and claimed that its author was Ezra ( Uzayr ). Ibn Hazm systematized the arguments against the authenticity of the biblical text of the Tanakh and the New Testament, noting in them: chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions, forbidden actions (anthropomorphic expressions, tales of fornication and debauchery, sins of the prophets ), as well as the lack of reliable transmission ( tavatur ) of the text. According to Ibn Hazm, the falsification of the Torah could occur at a time when there was only one manuscript that was stored in the Jerusalem Temple . The arguments of Ibn Hazm regarding tahrif had a great influence on Islamic literature and were used by later polemicists ^{[23] [24] [25]} .

• Ali-zade, A. A. Kutub Samavia // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007.
• Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Otv. ed. S. M. Prozorov . - M .: Science ,GDVL , 1991 . - ISBN 5-02-016941-2 .