Pinyin

The recording of the initials (initial consonants) of the syllables of the Chinese literary language in Pinyin is described in the following table. In each cell on the first line is the phonetic transcription according to the International Phonetic Alphabet system , on the second - pinyin, on the third - the transcription of Palladium accepted in Russia.

1. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Subsequent vowel - I / S / E.
2. ↑ The letter “w” can be considered the initial or the beginning of the finale, and pronounced as [ w ] or [ u ].
3. ↑ In the Palladium system, the letter “c” is not written before “y”, that is, the syllable “wu” pinyin is transmitted as “y”.
4. ↑ / ɻ / can be phonetically realized as [ ʐ ] ( voiced retroflex spirant ). This is an individual difference between native speakers, and does not mean the existence of two different phonemes.
5. ↑ The letter "y" can be considered the initial or the beginning of the finale, and pronounced as [ j ] or [ i ].
6. ↑ Depending on the subsequent vowel.

The finale of a Chinese syllable (e.g., -uan) may consist of a medial (-u-), a main word-forming vowel (-a-) and a final consonant (-n); in many cases, only some of these components are present. The recording of the finals of syllables that exist in the Chinese literary language is described in pinyin in the following table. In each cell on the first line is the phonetic transcription according to the International Phonetic Alphabet system , on the second - pinyin, on the third - the transcription of Palladium accepted in Russia. Some endings (eg [iɑŋ]) are written in a syllable with an empty initial (that is, where the syllable consists only of a final, eg “yang” [iɑŋ]) in a different way than in syllables where they follow the consonant (initials) (e.g. l + iang = liang [liɑŋ]). In these cases, two spellings are given on the same line, separated by semicolons, for example. "Yang; -iang. "

The syllable / ər / (而, 二, etc.) is spelled er (er). There are also various endings that result from adding the suffix -r (儿) to nouns. They are written in pinyin simply by adding the letter r to the word, regardless of how this suffix actually changes its pronunciation.

1. ↑ This sound occurs only in the syllables zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi.
2. ↑ “uo” is written as “o” after b, p, m, or f.
3. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} The letter "ü" is usually written simply as "u" after j, q, x, or y.

In addition, ê [ɛ] is used to record some interjections .

1. The first tone is indicated by a macron (ˉ) above the vowel:

   Āā Ēē Īī Ōō Ūū Ǖǖ

2. The second tone is indicated by acute stress ( acute ) (´):

   Áá Éé Íí Óó Úú Ǘǘ

3. The third tone is indicated by a hook (ˇ)

   Ǎǎ Ěě Ǐǐ Ǒǒ Ǔǔ Ǚǚ

4. The fourth tone is marked on the letter with a blunt accent ( gravis ) (`):

   Àà Èè Ìì Òò Ùù Ǜǜ

5. The fifth, neutral tone is not expressed in the letter:

   Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu Üü

In Chinese hieroglyphic writing, each character writes one syllable, which is one morpheme (or, in some cases, just one syllable of a two-syllable or polysyllabic root), and text; unlike languages ​​with alphabetical graphics, in hieroglyphic text polysyllabic words are not separated from each other by spaces. However, for dividing the text in Pinyin into polysyllabic (multimorfemic) words, there are official rules comparable to the rules existing in the spelling of Russian or German languages ^[4] . Despite this, many Chinese are not familiar with these rules; under the influence of the hieroglyphic tradition, when writing pinyin, they often either separate all the syllables with spaces, or, conversely, write the whole phrase together.

When the second (or any subsequent) syllable of a polysyllabic word written by pinyin begins with the letter a , e , or o , an apostrophe should be placed before it. This facilitates reading and prevents the possibility of ambiguous division of the word into syllables (and, therefore, morphemes) ^{[5] [6]} . For example,

• Xi'an = 西安 (xi / an, " Xi'an ")
• xian = 仙 (xian, xian, " immortal ")
• qi'e = 企鹅 (qi / e, qie, “penguin”)
• qie = 茄 (qie, ce, eggplant)
• Yan'an = 延安 (yan / an, Yan'an city)
• Nanya = 南亚 (nan / ya, Nanya), which may mean "south of Asia."
• shang'an = 上岸 (shang / an, shan'an, “landing from the ship ashore”)
• shangan = shan / gan (shangan)

The word “pinyin” (拼音pīnyīn ) consists of morphemes “piny” ( Chinese. Pīn “make up together” ) and “yin” ( Chinese. 音 yīn “sound” ), and literally means “sound recording”, “phonetic writing”. Therefore, in the Chinese language it is used not only in the name of the Hanyu pinyin system, commonly used in China, but also in the names of some other systems.

Tongyun Pinyin

Tongyun Pinyin ( Chinese 通用 拼音 ) is a Romanization system that has been in Taiwan since 2002, where it coexists with the Wade – Giles , Zhuyin, and Hanyu Pinyin systems.

Although the Tongyun Pinyin system has much in common with Hanyu Pinyin, there are notable differences:

• The first tone is not expressed in the letter, but for the neutral fifth the point is used (as in the Zhuyin system).
• Instead of zh- (zh-) jh- is used.
• Instead of x- (cb-) and q- (qb-), s- and c- are used.
• The syllables tzu (e.g. 資), tsy (慈), sy (思), chi (知), chi (吃), shi (詩), zhi (日), are written not with -i but c -ih.
• After the soft consonants (j, q, x in Hanyu pinyin), instead of ü, yu is written; thus, the syllables ju (e.g. 居), qu (区), syu (许), are written not jü, qü, xü, but jyu, cyu, syu.
• The syllables of feng, weng are written not feng, weng, but fong, wong.
• The syllable wen (溫) is written not wen, but wun.
• The final -yun after consonants is written not -iong, but -yong, e.g. syong instead of xiong (兇). (However, -yan is spelled -iang in both systems).
• The finals of -u and -ui (e.g. in liu (六) and gui (鬼)) are allowed to be written not only as -iu and -ui, but also as -iou and -uei.

Pinyin for Standard Cantonese

The Institute's Language of Education Romanization system , also known as Standard Cantonese Pinyin , is used by the Hong Kong Office of Education and Human Resources.

Yutphin

Yutphin ( cant.粵 拼; putonghua Yuèpīn, Yepin) is a system of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong for the Romanization of the Cantonese literary dialect. The name is an abbreviation of Jyutjyu pingjam (粵語 拼音, ъъюин ютю «,« «Зв« «ук Зв Зв«). A characteristic feature of this transcription, noticeable in its name, is the use of the letter “j” (and not “y”) for the sound “y”.

• Tsangjie (letter) - hieroglyph input method

• PinYin.info - a guide to the writing of Mandarin Chinese in romanization
• New Edition Hanyu Pinyin Syllable Table (China)
• Little Pinyin App 1.0 online (English)
• Pinyin table with sound. Pinyin table with sound