Opioid peptides

Opioid peptides are a group of neuropeptides that are endogenous ligands - opioid receptor agonists . They have an analgesic effect. Endogenous opioid peptides include endorphins , enkephalins , dynorphins , etc. The system of brain opioid peptides plays an important role in the formation of motivation, emotions, behavioral attachment , response to stress and pain, and in the control of food intake.

Opioid-like peptides can also be ingested with food (in the form of casomorphins , exorfins and rubiscolines ), but have a limited physiological effect.

Content

Endogenous Opioid Peptides

The human genome contains three homologous genes, which are known to encode endogenous opioid peptides. Each gene encodes the synthesis of large proteins - proopiomelanocortin (POMK), preproenkephalin and preprodynorphine .

From POMK - a precursor to endorphins (as well as ACTH and MSH ). The nucleotide sequence of the human POMK gene was described in 1980. ^[1] The POMK gene encodes a synthesis of endogenous opioids, such as β-endorphin and gamma-endorphin. ^[2] Peptides with opioid activity, which are derivatives of proopiomelanocortin, constitute a class of endogenous opioid peptides called “endorphins”.
Enkephalins are formed from preproenkephalin . The human enkephalin gene was isolated and its sequence described in 1982. ^[3]
Preprodynorphine is a precursor of dinorphins. The human dinorphin gene (originally called the “enkephalin B” gene due to structural similarities with the enkephalin gene) was isolated and its sequence described in 1983. ^[four]
Adrenorphine and amidorphine were discovered in the 1980s.
Opiorphin, found in human saliva, is an inhibitor of enkephalinase, i.e. prevents the metabolism of enkephalins.

A new endogenous opioid peptide was isolated in 1995 and is called orphanin FQ or nociceptin . ^[5] The studied amino acid sequence of its precursor, prepronociceptin , suggests the existence of prepronociceptin-derived neuropeptides other than orphanin FQ / nociceptin. ^[6] A new class of endogenous opioid peptides, endomorphins, has also been discovered. ^[7]

Food Opioid Peptides

Casomorphine (in milk )
Gluten exorfin (in gluten )
Gliadorphin / Gluteomorphine (in gluten)
Rubiscolin (in spinach )

Microorganismal Opioid Peptides

Deltorfins I and II ( mushrooms )
Dermorphin (unknown microorganism)

Notes

↑ Chang AC, Cochet M, Cohen SN. " Structural organization of human genomic DNA encoding the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1980 Aug; 77 (8): 4890-4. PMID 6254047
↑ Ling N, Burgus R, Guillemin R. " Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of α-endorphin and γ-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1976 Nov; 73 (11): 3942-6. PMID 1069261
↑ Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H, Toyosato M, Notake M, Nakanishi S, Numa S. "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene." Nature 1982 Jun 3; 297 (5865): 431-4. PMID 6281660
↑ Horikawa S, Takai T, Toyosato M, Takahashi H, Noda M, Kakidani H et al. "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin B gene." Nature nature. 1983 Dec 8-14; 306 (5943): 611-4. PMID 6316163
↑ Meunier JC, Mollereau C., Toll L., et al. Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor (Eng.) // Nature: journal. - 1995 .-- October ( vol. 377 , no. 6549 ). - P. 532-535 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 377532a0 . - PMID 7566152 .
↑ Nothacker HP, Reinscheid RK, Mansour A., et al. Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor (English) // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America : journal. - 1996 .-- August ( vol. 93 , no. 16 ). - P. 8677-8682 . - PMID 8710930 .
↑ Zadina JE, Hackler L., Ge LJ, Kastin AJ A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu-opiate receptor (Eng.) // Nature: journal. - 1997 .-- April ( vol. 386 , no. 6624 ). - P. 499-502 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 386499a0 . - PMID 9087409 .

Links

The article "Opioid Peptides" in the Chemical Encyclopedia
Michael Rosenblatt. Endogenous Opiate Peptides
http://www.membrana.ru/particle/10852 The discovered physiological inhibitor, which scientists called "Opiorphin", is six times more powerful than morphine.

[1] Chang AC, Cochet M, Cohen SN. " Structural organization of human genomic DNA encoding the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1980 Aug; 77 (8): 4890-4. PMID 6254047

[2] Ling N, Burgus R, Guillemin R. " Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of α-endorphin and γ-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1976 Nov; 73 (11): 3942-6. PMID 1069261

[3] Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H, Toyosato M, Notake M, Nakanishi S, Numa S. "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene." Nature 1982 Jun 3; 297 (5865): 431-4. PMID 6281660

[4] Horikawa S, Takai T, Toyosato M, Takahashi H, Noda M, Kakidani H et al. "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin B gene." Nature nature. 1983 Dec 8-14; 306 (5943): 611-4. PMID 6316163

[5] Meunier JC, Mollereau C., Toll L., et al. Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor (Eng.) // Nature: journal. - 1995 .-- October ( vol. 377 , no. 6549 ). - P. 532-535 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 377532a0 . - PMID 7566152 .

[6] Nothacker HP, Reinscheid RK, Mansour A., et al. Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor (English) // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America : journal. - 1996 .-- August ( vol. 93 , no. 16 ). - P. 8677-8682 . - PMID 8710930 .

[7] Zadina JE, Hackler L., Ge LJ, Kastin AJ A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu-opiate receptor (Eng.) // Nature: journal. - 1997 .-- April ( vol. 386 , no. 6624 ). - P. 499-502 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 386499a0 . - PMID 9087409 .