Neo-Kantianism is a direction in German philosophy of the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.
The central slogan of the Neo-Kantians (“Back to Kant!”) Was formulated by Otto Liebmann in his work “Kant and Epigones” (1865) in the context of the crisis of philosophy and fashion for materialism .
Neo-Kantianism set the stage for phenomenology . Neo-Kantianism focused on the epistemological side of Kant's teachings, and also influenced the formation of the concept of ethical socialism . The Kantians have done especially much to separate the natural sciences and the humanities . The former use the nomothetic method (generalizing — based on the derivation of laws ), and the latter — the idiographic (individualizing — based on the description of the reference states). Accordingly, the world is divided into nature (the world of the existing or the object of the natural sciences) and culture (the world of the due or the object of the humanities), and the culture is organized by values . From here it was precisely the Neo-Kantians who distinguished such a philosophical science as axiology .
Content
Schools of Neo-Kantianism
Neo-Kantianism distinguishes between the Marburg school , which was mainly concerned with the logical and methodological problems of the natural sciences, and the Baden school (Freiburg, South-West), which focused on the problems of values and the methodology of the humanities (“science of the spirit”).
Marburg School
The founder of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism is Herman Kogen ( 1842 - 1918 ). Her most prominent representatives in Germany were Paul Natorp ( 1854 - 1924 ) and Ernst Cassirer ( 1874 - 1945 ). It was joined by such neo-Kantian philosophers as Hans Feichinger ( 1852 - 1933 ), Jonas Cohn and Rudolf Stammler .
At different times, the influence of the neo-Kantian ideas of the Marburg school was experienced by N. Hartmann and R. Kroner , E. Husserl and H.-G. Gadamer , E. Bernstein, and L. Brunswick .
In Russia, the supporters of the Marburg school were N.V. Boldyrev , A.V. Weideman , D.O. In different years, it was adjoined by M. M. Bakhtin , A. I. Vvedensky , M. I. Kagan , G. E. Lants , I. I. Lapshin , B. L. Pasternak , S. L. Rubinstein , B. V. Yakovenko .
Baden School
The founders of the Baden School ( German Südwestdeutsche Schule ) are considered to be Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert . Their students and supporters were the philosophers Emil Lask , Richard Kroner .
In Russia, N. N. Bubnov , S. I. Gessen , G. E. Lants , B. A. Kistyakovsky , M. M. Rubinstein , F. A. Stepun, and others reckoned themselves to this school.
Russian Neo-Kantians
Neo-Kantianism spread to Russia at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries.
- Vvedensky, Alexander Ivanovich
- Boldyrev, Nikolai Vasilievich
- Weideman, Alexander Viktorovich
- Gavronsky, Dmitry Osipovich
- Hessen, Sergey Iosifovich
- Lanz, Henry Ernestovich
- Lappo-Danilevsky, Alexander Sergeevich
- Rubinstein, Sergey Leonidovich
- Rubinstein, Moses Matveyevich
- Savalsky, Vasily Alexandrovich
- Sezeman, Vasily Emilievich
- Stepun, Fedor Augustovich
- Fogt, Boris Alexandrovich
- Yakovenko, Boris Valentinovich and others.
Literature
- Dmitrieva N. A. Russian neo-Kantianism: “Marburg” in Russia. Historical and philosophical essays. M .: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2007.- 512 p. ISBN 978-5-8243-0835-8
- Dmitrieva N.A. Neo-Kantianism German and Russian in the past, present and future. // Questions of philosophy . 2009. No. 3. S.165-175.
- Kupriyanov V.A. Rehabilitation of teleology in the philosophy of Baden neo-Kantianism // Philosophy and Culture. - 2017. - November ( t. 11 , issue 11 ). - S. 54–68 . - ISSN 2454-0757 . - DOI : 10.7256 / 2454-0757.2017.11.24537 .
- Neo-Kantianism / K. A. Svasyan // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.
- Neo-Kantianism in Russia / A. I. Abramov // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.