Mint - a small battle ax with a hammer on the butt (as in Poland) [1] , a dignity, a hatchet with a hammer on an arshin handle [2] .
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 | The hatchet hatchet from Bilyarsk , previously mistakenly attributed to Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky |
It is the hammer of the butt, and not the blade of the blade (striker, blade), the hatchet determines its name. The archaeologist and weapons historian A. N. Kirpichnikov describes the coinage as follows: “ The coiners are especially fighting especially axes, the axes of the back of which are equipped with a hammer .” Refers to war hammers or mlats (outdated), often being not so much a weapon as a sign of military commander. In Russia, such hatchets were also called a hatchet or hatchet - for the size and use of the civilian population. Among the Slavic peoples , the eastern name Balta or Belta was also used [3] [4] . Mint is the same as klevets [5] [6] .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Varieties
- 3 See also
- 4 notes
- 5 Sources
History
Similar hatchets ( sagaris ) were in service with the Scythians in the VI century BC. e., and later used by the Sarmatian - Alanian tribes, as well as the Prabolgars and Khazars in the Black Sea . In the 8th – 9th centuries, they became widespread in the West, right up to modern Hungary , the Czech Republic, and Romania . From nomads they also got to Russia, where they reached a significant distribution (about 17% of all axes before the XIII century), from where they penetrated into Central and Northern Europe, up to Spain. They were also used in Volga Bulgaria .
These hatchets were often status items (insignia of superiors [7] and ceremonial weapons), therefore, they differed in the quality of workmanship and decoration. The most famous hatchet, which was attributed to Andrei Bogolyubsky , since it shows the letter "A", however, dates from the first half of the XI century. It is decorated with black , silver and gold .
Varieties
Hatchet blade shapes:
- A triangular shape with a blade directed straight forward;
- Narrow and slightly curved down;
- With the blade turned so far down that the protruding upper corner of the canvas resembles the beak of a klevets, as is often the case with Turkish and other eastern axes of the Baltic states (the same applies to the following types) [8] .
- Semicircular, when instead of the protruding corner of the previous type there is a rounding.
- Sickle, that is, concavity forward.
Hammer - in the form of a pin, round or square. Occasionally, instead of a hammer, there is a loaf or a smaller hatchet on the butt. Hatchets differed in small sizes and had exclusively combat purpose. On average, the total length was 12.5 - 19 cm (without a hammer - 8 - 15 cm), the width of the blade was three - 6 cm, the diameter of the sleeve was 1.8 - 2.7 cm, and the weight was 200 - 340 grams.
Axes similar to medieval coinage are also known later. These are the so-called American coinage - axes equipped with spikes or hooks on the butt, modern hammer axes and fire axes, with a pickaxe or hook .
Ax , F. G. Solntsev , “ Antiquities of the Russian State ”.
Ax, F. G. Solntsev, “Antiquities of the Russian State”.
Ax, possibly Tatar-Circassian, Crimean Khanate , possibly XVI - XVII century, Metropolitan Museum of Art .
See also
- War hammer
- Mint
- Klevets
Notes
- ↑ Mint // Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim.
- ↑ Check // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ Kvasnevich V. Lexicon of cold and throwing weapons / Per. from polish. - SPb. : LLC Atlant Publishing House, 2012. - P. 16. - ISBN 978-5-98655-042-8 .
- ↑ Stone J.K. Great Encyclopedia of Weapons and Armor. Weapons and armor of all time. - M .: Astrel, AST, 2008. - P. 47. - ISBN 978-5-17-052742-7 , ISBN 978-5-271-21108-9 , ISBN 978-5-17-052752-6 , ISBN 978-5-271-21109-6 , ISBN 0-486-40726-8 (eng.).
- ↑ Mint // Vasmer’s Etymological Dictionary.
- ↑ In Russian-speaking sources there is no consensus on the use of the names “coinage” and “klevets”. In literature, including archaeological, they are often equally used to refer to the Klebs, both ancient and medieval. The oldest bronze are also called halberds . There is even an unreasonable idea to call straight Klevets minted, and curved - Klevets ( Gryaznov M.P. , 1956).
- ↑ Mint // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.
- ↑ Popenko V.N. Edged weapons. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Boguchar, 1996 .-- 479 p. - S. 36. - ISBN S-88276-023X
Sources
- Check // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- Kvasnevich V. Lexicon of cold and throwing weapons / Per. from polish. - SPb. : LLC Atlant Publishing House, 2012. - P. 124, 125, 134, 135, 224, 225. - ISBN 978-5-98655-042-8 .
- Kirpichnikov A.N. Ancient Russian weapons. Vol. 2. Spears, Streets, battle axes, maces, knives IX-XIII centuries. // Archeology of the USSR. Arch of archaeological sources. - M. - L .: Nauka, 1966. Issue. E1-36.
- Mint, edged weapons // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Chekan // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. 1907-1909.