Cultural anthropology

Unresolved is the question of the relationship of cultural anthropology with ethnology . There are four options ^{[4] for} answering the question of the relationship of these disciplines, and each of these options has its own apologists .

So some authors believe that ethnology and cultural anthropology are synonymous concepts. Others believe that the concept of cultural anthropology is broader than the concept of ethnology and includes the latter. In their opinion, cultural anthropology acts as a generalized knowledge of the basic institutions of culture, while ethnology is a comparative analysis of cultures ^[1] . Still others insist that ethnology in its subject field is much wider than cultural anthropology, which, in their opinion, does not go beyond the framework of the science of the biological and physical nature of man ^[5] . The fourth option boils down to the fact that the subject of cultural anthropology is aspects of human culture, the subject of ethnology is the study of individual ethnic groups and a theoretical analysis of ethnic communities as such ^[6] .

In Russian science, the third approach is more common, while in Western science the first two ^[4] . In the USA and Great Britain the term “ethnology” as a definition of a scientific discipline is practically unknown. In Russia, over the course of the 20th century (after politically colored discussions of the late 1920s), the term “ethnography” has been consolidated in scientific usage for research of this kind; Until the 1990s, the word ethnology was rarely used and only in relation to foreign ("bourgeois") science, although it was more often called "foreign ethnography". In the 1990s, the word “ethnology” began to be used more often in connection with the introduction of the subject “ethnology” into the curriculum of universities and this term began to denote theoretical discipline, and “ethnography” - practical (empirical) research.

If we accept the hypothesis about the synonymy of cultural anthropology and ethnology, the time of its appearance as a science should be considered the time of the appearance of ethnology, that is, the 1830s - the beginning of the 1840s. The term " anthropology " in the West has been fixed since the early 1870s, and already in 1879, the teaching of anthropology began at the University of Rochester in the USA and in 1884 at Oxford ^[1] . There were several approaches that explain the diversity of culture among the peoples of the world and in different historical eras ^[7] .

At the same time, the problems studied by cultural anthropology were given attention even in the era of antiquity . Democritus and Titus Lucretius Carus formed the first concepts of anthroposociogenesis . The idea of ​​the natural-geographical conditionality of socio-psychological and political phenomena was proposed by Hippocrates . Cornelius Tacitus, who was probably the first ethnographer , opposed the civilization of savagery, pointing to the decline of morals inherent in civilization ^[1] .

In the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, in connection with an increase in knowledge of the world in Europe as a result of the great geographical discoveries, the interest in the subject of anthropology greatly increased. The names of Pietro Martyr , Michel de Montaigne , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Didro are associated with the widely popular concept of a “happy savage”, idealizing the social structure of “primitive” peoples ^[1] .

In the XIX century, the directions of social thought that had the greatest influence on the formation of anthropology were the ideas of the historical progress of Ferguson , Condorcet and Turgot , the work of the German cultural historian Herder , as well as the ideas of the “mythological school” ^[1] .

In the 19th century, linear evolutionism appeared, considering the culture of mankind as a transition from simple forms to more complex ones. The main object of study of evolutionists ( James Frazer , Lucien Levy-Bruhl ) were "primitive" societies - the indigenous population of the colonies in Africa, South America, Southeast Asia. The emergence of this approach was associated with the accumulation of ethnographic material and the spread of the principle of historicism.

The following approach, which retains its scientific significance in modern anthropology - the functional one - appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Functionalism as a way of studying cultures is associated with the works of B. Malinowski and A. Radcliffe-Brown. “A feature of the functional approach,” writes A. A. Belik, “is the consideration of culture as a holistic entity, consisting of elements and parts. Each “atomic cell” of culture is studied not as a random (archaic) formation (relic), but as performing a specific function in a sociocultural community. The theory of needs is the basis of the concept of culture B. Malinowski. He divides the needs into basic and derivative. The latter include the needs for economic exchange, authority, social control, the education system, etc. Culture - a set of responses to basic and derivative needs. Such is the general picture of the structure of culture according to B. Malinovsky. A feature of the functionalist theory of cultures (to a greater extent this relates to the teachings of A. Radcliffe-Brown) was the practical focus of research - management in territories dominated by traditional cultures. Not without the influence of the functionalistic attitudes, the concept of "indirect" management was developed, that is, relying on traditional institutions of power ... ” ^[8] .

In Russia

In the 1990s and 2000s, textbooks on cultural (social and cultural) anthropology began to appear in Russia, essentially representing an exposition of concepts developed by representatives of cultural anthropology of the West. They did not set forth the achievements of representatives of Russian cultural anthropology, partly because in the 1990s it was in the process of becoming and did not have major achievements, partly because the ideas of the authors of the textbooks are relevant and, therefore, to be presented in the textbooks, the authors and works in the field of cultural anthropology were in line with the Anglo-American (Western) perception of the history of science. If we are not talking about textbooks published by Russian authors that describe the history and theory of Western (German, French, English and American) cultural anthropology, but about Russian cultural anthropology, it should be noted that it began to take shape in the early 1990s on the basis of Russian ethnography, folklore, child psychology and empirical sociology. A distinctive feature of Russian cultural anthropology is its reliance solely on domestic and Russian-cultural material (in contrast to Western cultural anthropology, which relied primarily on foreign ("colonial") material (Europe) or the study of foreign ethnic inclusions (North American Indians, Polish, Chinese, Latin American " Diasporas ”) into the dominant state-forming ethnos (USA).

The formation of the original Russian cultural anthropology was completed by the beginning of the 2000s. Her most famous representatives are Maria Osorina (author of The Secret World of Childhood), Alexander Belousov (compiler of books School Life and Folklore, Russian School Folklore), Sergey Neklyudov (head of the website Folklore and Post-Folklore: Structure, typology, semiotics ”( http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore since 2003), Sergey Borisov (author of the books“ Cultural Anthropology of Girlhood ”and“ Russian Childhood: Cultural and Anthropological Dictionary ”), Igor Morozov (author of the book“ Marriage of Good well done "and doctoral dissertation" The phenomenon of dolls in trad translational and contemporary culture "), Galina Kabakov (author of" Anthropology of the female body "), Tatiana Shchepanskaya (author of" The symbolism of youth subcultures ").

• Social anthropology
• Anthropology
• Historical anthropology
• Ethnography
• Ethnology
• Cultural studies

in Russian

• Anthology of cultural studies. Volume 1: Interpretation of Culture. - M.: University Book, 1997. - 727 p. - (Culturology of the XX century). - ISBN 5-7914-0022-5 .
• Anthropology (neopr.) . " Around the World " (2001-2009). Date of treatment July 31, 2009.
• Belik A.A. Cultural (social) anthropology. Tutorial. - M .: RGGU , 2009 .-- 613 p. - ISBN 978-5-7281-1052-1 .
• Borisov S. B. Culturantropology of girlhood. Shadrinsk: Publishing house of the Shadrinsk Pedagogical Institute, 2001 - 88 p.
• Borisov S. B. Cultural and Anthropological Essays on Russian Everyday Life - LAP Lambert, 2015 - 106 p. - ISBN 978-3-659-76325-0
• Boas F. The mind of primitive man. - M. , 1933.
• Vasiliev M. I. Introduction to Cultural Anthropology: Textbook . - Novgorod the Great: NovSU named after Yaroslav the Wise , 2002. - 156 p. - ISBN 5-89896-192-5 .
• Veselkin E. A. The crisis of British social anthropology - M., 1977.
• Voronkova L.P. Cultural Anthropology as a Science: Textbook. - M .: Dialog-Moscow State University, 1997.
• Children's collection: Articles on children's literature and childhood anthropology - M., 2003.
• Kabakova G.I. Anthropology of the female body in the Slavic tradition. - M.: Ladomir , 2001 .-- 335 s. - (Russian hidden literature). - ISBN 5-86218-089-3
• Dobrenkov V.I. , Kravchenko A.I. Social anthropology. - M. , 2008.
• Korotaev A.V. George Peter Murdoch and the School of Cross-Cultural Studies // Bulletin: Anthropology, Minorities, Multiculturalism 3 (2003): 19-74 (the article includes a brief outline of the history of Western cultural anthropology).
• "Bricks": Folkloristics and cultural anthropology today: Sat. Art. in honor of the 65th anniversary of S. Yu. Neklyudov / Comp. A. S. Arkhipova, M. A. Gister. - M .: RGGU , 2008.
• Kon I. S. Child and society. - M .: Academy, 2003 .-- 336 p. - (Higher vocational education). - ISBN 5-7695-1420-5 .
• Kon I. S. The male body in the history of culture. - M .: Slovo / Slovo, 2003 .-- 432 p. - ISBN 5-85050-704-3 .
• Kon I. S. The boy is the father of the man. - M .: Time , 2009 .-- 704 s. - ISBN 978-5-9691-0469-3 .
• Cultural Anthropology: Textbook / Ed. Yu. N. Emelyanova and N. G. Skvortsova. - SPb. : St. Petersburg State University , 1996.
• Levy-Bruhl L. Primitive Thinking // Psychology of Thinking / Ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter and V.V. Petukhova. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1980 .-- S. 130-140 .
• Levy-Strauss K. Structural Anthropology / Per. with fr. V.V. Ivanova. - M. , 2001 .-- 512 s.
• Malinovsky B.K. Scientific Theory of Culture. - M. , 1999.
• Morgan L.G. League of Hodenosauni, or Iroquois. - M .: Science , 1983.
• Moss M. Society. Exchange. Personality: Proceedings of social anthropology / Per. with fr., after and comm. A. B. Hoffmann . Repl. ed. I.S. Con . - M. , 1996.
• Mead M. Culture and the world of childhood. - M .: Science , 1988.
• Nikishenkov A.A. History of British Social Anthropology. - Publishing house of the St. Petersburg University of St. Petersburg, 2007. - 496 p.
• Orlova E. A. Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology: Textbook. - M .: MGIK , 1994.
• Ornatskaya L. A. The concept of culture in cultural anthropology: some trends // Studia culturae. - SPb. : St. Petersburg Philosophical Society , 2001. - Vol. 1 . - S. 9-28 .
• Problems of the city in cultural anthropology: history and modernity. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State University, 2006.
• Russian childhood: Cultural and anthropological dictionary / Compiled by S. B. Borisov. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2012
• Radcliffe-Brown A.R. Structure and Function in Primitive Society = Structure and Function in Primitive Society. - M. , 2001.
• Skvortsov N.G. Once again to the question of the subject area of ​​socio-cultural anthropology // Miscellanea humanitaria philosopһiae. Essays on philosophy and culture. To the 60th anniversary of Professor Yu.N. Corned beef. - SPb. : St. Petersburg Philosophical Society , 2001. - Vol. 5 . - S. 198-204 .
• Surova E. E. Cultural Anthropology // Introduction to Cultural Studies: Lecture Course / Ed. Yu.N. Solonina , E.G. Sokolova. - SPb. , 2003 .-- S. 131-141 .
• Tereshkovich P.V. Cultural Anthropology // The Newest Philosophical Dictionary: Encyclopedia / Comp. A.A. Gritsanov . - Mn. : V.M. Skakun, 1998 .-- S. 896 . - ISBN 985-6235-17-0 . Archived January 27, 2010.
• Taylor E. B. Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization. - Edition of I.I. Bilibin and Co., 1882.
• Evans-Pritchard E.E. Nuera: Description of the methods of life support and political institutions of one of the Nilotic peoples / Per. from English; Repl. ed. and the author of the foreword. L.E. Kubbel. - M. , 1985.
• Evans-Pritchard E.E. History of anthropological thought / Otv. Ed .: V.A. Tishkov . - M. , 2003.

in other languages

• Benedict R. Patterns of Culture. - Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1934. - 260 p.
• Mead M. , Bunzel RL The Golden Age of American Anthropology. - New York: George Brazziller, 1960.

• Anthropology Library