Wonhyo ( cor. 원효 , 元 曉 , Wonhyo , Wŏnhyo , 617-686 AD) is a mentor, writer, and commentator in the Korean Buddhist tradition.
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In his writings, Wonhyo relied on such a key position of Mahayana Buddhism in Asia as the essence-manifestation (用 用). Essence means the true nature of the individual, which is present in all sentient beings in a latent form, and manifestation is the active aspect of this essence. [four]
During his life on the Korean Peninsula, the period of the Three Kingdoms ended, when instead of three separate states, Paekche , Silla and Goguryo , the single state of Silla appeared. Wonhyo was a key figure in understanding and accepting the various directions of Buddhism that were common at that time in Korea. The closest Wonhyo were the ideas of the traditions of Yogachara and Huayan , in which the central idea is the tathagatagarbha , or Buddha nature, inherent in every living being. However, its extensive heritage, which includes commentaries and essays, covers the entire spectrum of Buddhist teachings that spread at that time in Korea, including the pure land school , the teaching of nirvana , Sanlun, and Tiantai ( Lotus School Sutras ). In Korean Buddhism, Wonhyo is recognized as one of the greatest masters who was able to unite all the diversity of currents based on Buddhist sutras and texts that came to Korea from China. His commentary on the famous text of the Mahayana shastra "On the awakening of faith in Mahayana" is revered by all directions of Korean Buddhism to this day. [five]
Content
Biography
Wonhyo came from an aristocratic family of salt. He began his activities as a monk. Subsequently, abandoning monasticism, Wonhyou sought to embody in his life the ideal of a bodhisattva who helps all sentient beings. According to legend, he came into contact with the widowed princess, from whom he had a son, Sol Chong , who later became the famous Confucian scholar and thinker Silla. Wonhyo walked around the country, visiting cities and towns, and taught ordinary people to Buddhism with songs and dances. [6]
Written heritage
Wonhyo wrote comments on almost all of the most well-known Mahayana texts. He is considered the author of no less than eighty-six works, of which twenty-three have survived in whole or in part. The most significant of his works are the comments to the text “Shastra on the awakening of faith in Mahayana”, the Nirvana Sutra and the Vajrasamadhi Sutra, as well as a treatise on the significance of the two obstacles. They are honored by leading Buddhist mentors in China and Japan, and thanks to them, the Shastra on the awakening of faith in Mahayana became one of the most influential texts in the Korean tradition.
The Legend of Enlightenment
In 661, Wonhyo, still a monk, and his close friend, monk Ыysan, went on a journey to China to devote themselves to further study of Buddhism. On the way they caught a downpour, and they were forced to take refuge in a shelter. Waking up at night from thirst, Wonhe began to look for water. In the dark, he groped for a jug with delightful and cool water inside. Quenching his thirst, he fell asleep. When he woke up in the morning, he discovered that they had taken refuge in the cemetery, and the jug from which he drank was actually a human skull. So he realized that everything depends on the mind, and reached enlightenment. Instead of continuing to travel, Wonhyou went back and began teaching simple people to Buddhism. Uisan continued on his way and studied in China. Returning to Korea, he also became a famous Buddhist mentor.
English Translation Project
Twenty-three of Wonhyo’s extant works are currently being translated into English in a joint project of Tongguk University and the University of New York at Stony Brook .
Sequence of Taekwondo Movements
The sequence of the Won-Hyo movements of the International Taekwondo Federation is named after Wonhyo. This sequence consists of 28 movements and is necessary to obtain a green belt.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ 1 2 Faceted Application of Subject Terminology
- ↑ 1 2 Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- ↑ Muller, Charles A. (1995). “The Key Operative Concepts in the Korean Buddhist Syncretic Philosophy: Interpenetration (通達) and Essence-Function (體) in W innhyo, Chinul and Kihwa” cited in Bulletin of Toyo Gakuen University No. 3, March 1995, pp 33-48. Source: ー カ イ ブ さ れ た コ ピ ー . The appeal date was December 29, 2009. Archived December 29, 2009. (not available link from 21-05-2013 [2257 days] - history , copy ) (accessed: September 18, 2008)
- ↑ Keel, Hee-Sung (2004). "Korea"; cited in Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism . Volume 1. New York, USA: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865719-5 (Volume 1): pp.431-432
- ↑ Keel, Hee-Sung (2004). "Korea"; cited in Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism . Volume 1. New York, USA: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865719-5 (Volume 1): pp.432
Literature
- Boltach Yu. V. “Chapters [of] the origin of striving [for] the deeds of perfection” of the Korean Buddhist mentor Wonhyo // Buddhist culture: history, source study, linguistics and art: The Fifth Dorjeev readings. SPb .: Hyperion, 2013. C. 139-148.
- Volkov S. V. Wonhyo // Buddhism: Dictionary / Ed. ed. N. L. Zhukovskaya, A. N. Ignatovich, V. I. Korneva. - M .: Republic, 1992.
- Buswell, Robert E., Jr. “The Biographies of the Korean Monk Wŏnhyo (617–686): A Study in Buddhist Hagiography.” Peter H Lee, ed. Biography as Genre in Korean Literature . Berkeley: Center for Korean Studies, 1989.
- Buswell, Robert E., Jr. Cultivating Original Enlightenment: Wonhyo's Exposition of the Vajrasamādhi-Sūtra. University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
- Muller, A. Charles (2007). "Wonhyo's Reliance on Huiyuan in his Exposition of the Two Hindrances". In Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism (Imre Hamar, ed., Harrassowitz Verlag), p. 281-295. Source: [1] (accessed: January 7, 2008)
- Muller, A. Charles (2002). Wŏnhyo's Interpretation of the Hindrances. International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture. Vol. 2, 2003. pp. 123—135.Source: [2] (accessed: January 7, 2008)
- Muller, A. Charles (2000). "On Wŏnhyo's Ijangui (二 障 義)." Journal of Korean Buddhist Seminar , Vol. 8, July 2000, p. 322—336.Source: [3] (accessed: January 7, 2008)
- Muller, A. Charles (1995). “The Key Operative Concepts in Korean Buddhist Syncretic Philosophy; Interpenetration and Essence-Function in Wŏnhyo, Chinul and Kihwa. Bulletin of Toyo Gakuen University , vol. 3 (1995), pp. 33-48.Source: [4] (not available link from 21-05-2013 [2257 days] - history , copy ) (accessed: January 7, 2008)