To transfer Czech names of their own and untranslatable realities in the Russian language, unified rules of practical transcription are used . It is generally accepted that the accent in the Czech language falls on the first syllable, however, dictionaries and real pronunciation indicate deviations from this standard [1] [2] .
| Letter / combination | Note | Broadcast | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| a, á | Except after ď , ň or ť | but | Majerová Mayerova |
| After ď , ň , ť | I am | Kňažek Princes | |
| At the end of adjectives after firm consonants | ay [3] | ||
| After the soft consonants | yaya [3] | ||
| b | b | ||
| c | c | Hornictví Gornitsvi | |
| č | h | Čaloud Chaloud | |
| d | d | ||
| ď | At the end of a word or before consonants | q | Šeďkova Shedkova |
| Before vowels | d | Ďubinka Dubinka | |
| e, é | After consonants | e | Sládek Sladek |
| At the beginning of a word and after vowels | uh | Emanuel Emanuel | |
| ě | e | Anděl Andel | |
| f | f | Grafek Grafek | |
| g | g | ||
| h | g | Praha Prague; Flajšhans Flygshans | |
| ch | x | Pichlík Pihlik | |
| i, í | (except for surnames-adjectives in -ší, -čí, etc.) | and | |
| í | In the surnames-adjectives -ší, -čí, etc. | i [3] | Krejčí Kreichy, Dolejší Further |
| ia | In the endings of female personal names | and I | Amália Amalia |
| j | At the end of a word and before consonants | th | Balajka Balajka, Ondřej Ondrej |
| ja | At the beginning of a word and after vowels | I am | Janeček Janeček, Svojanov Svoyanov |
| After consonants | ya | Kavuljak Kavuljak | |
| je | At the beginning of a word and after vowels | e | Jelínková Jelinkova |
| After consonants | ye | ||
| ji | At the beginning of a word and after vowels | yi | Jirák Jirak , Zajíc Zajits |
| After consonants | y | Ljikar Llicar, Kušljič Kuslič | |
| jo | At the beginning of a word | yo | Jovsa Jovsa |
| After vowels | ё | Kyjov Kiyov | |
| After consonants | b | Aljo allo | |
| ju, jů | At the beginning of a word and after vowels | Yu | Jůza Yuza |
| After consonants | new | ||
| k | to | ||
| l | At the end of a word and before consonants | l or l [4] | Havel Havel , Bohumil Bohumil, Palkosková Palkoskova |
| Before vowels | l | Lucký Lutsky | |
| m | m | ||
| n | n | ||
| ň | At the end of a word and before consonants | ny | Kostroň Kostron |
| Before vowels | n | Vodňany Vodnany [5] / Vodnany [6] | |
| o, ó | Except after ď , ň or ť | about | Netoušek Netoushek |
| After ď , ň , ť | ё | Ťopan Tyopan | |
| p | P | ||
| qu | ku , sq | ||
| r | R | Dobroslav Dobroslav | |
| ř | After voiced consonants | hw | Bedřich Bedrich |
| After deaf consonants | rh | Třeblícký Treblic | |
| s | from | Svitava Svitava | |
| š | w | Netoušek Netoushek | |
| t | t | ||
| th | t | Mathesius Matesius, Thůnová Tunova | |
| ť | At the end of a word and before consonants | to | Baťha Batga |
| Before vowels | t | Ťopan Tyopan | |
| u, ú, ů | Main option | at | Ulehlová Uleglova |
| After ď , ň , ť | Yu | ||
| v | at | Vitězslav Vitezslav | |
| w | at | Weber Weber | |
| x | cop | Xaverová Xaverova | |
| y, ý | According to the rules adopted for the transfer of geographical names | and (always) | Mlyňany Mlinyani |
| After r , k , x , c , h , w ; in the basics of personal names of non-Slavic origin; at the ends of diminutives | and | Chýlková Hilkova, Hykeš Gikesh, Kristýna Kristina, Bety Beti | |
| Before consonant | th | Heyrovský Geyrovsky | |
| In other cases, as a rule | s | Rybák Fisherman, Poděbrady Podebrady [6] | |
| ý | At the endings of surnames -cký , -ský | i | Třeblícký Třeblícki, Kozuský Kozuski |
| In other endings of surnames-adjectives | s [7] or s [3] | Zrzavý Zrzavy or Zrzavy Važný Important or Important | |
| z | s | Jůza Yuza | |
| ž | well | Žižka ижižka |
It should be noted that Czech-Russian practical transcription does not always coincide with real Czech pronunciation. So, Czech L sounds harder than Russian, and if we follow literally some sources of transcription, names like “Pavel” or “Bohumil” would be transcribed into “Pavel” and “Bohumil”. Therefore, there are many exceptions when the above rules do not apply. Notable exceptions are: “ Vltava ” ( Czech. Vltava ) instead of “Vltava” (but “ Pilsen ” - Czech. Plzeň ), “ Lubomir Strougal ” ( Czech. Lubomír Štrougal ) instead of “Lubomir Strougal” .
The Czech letter h denotes the sound [ɦ], which does not sound like Russian, but like the Ukrainian letter g . But, since in Czech words it often corresponds to the letter r in related Russian words (for example, the words Grad and Hor are written in Czech for Hrad and Hora), it is conveyed by the letter g . The letter g in Czech is used in words and names of foreign origin.
See also
- Slovak-Russian practical transcription
Notes
- ↑ USSR Academy of Sciences. Commission for streamlining the spelling and pronunciation of foreign personal names and geographical names. Toponomastics and transcription / S. G. Barkhudarov . - M .: Science , 1964.
- ↑ lingvisto.org Accent in Czech
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Kalakutskaya L. P. Some questions of the morphological design and inflection of modern Polish and Czech surnames in the Russian language // Declination of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language. - M .: Nauka, 1984 .-- S. 153-166.
- ↑ Ermolovich recommends using l as the main option, eh - as acceptable in some cases. Other sources recommend the option as primary.
- ↑ Gilyarevsky and Starostin, 1985 , p. 265.
- ↑ 1 2 An example is given in the book of Ermolovich. According to the rules for the transfer of geographical names, this name is transmitted with the letter and .
- ↑ Ermolovich, 2016 .
Literature
- Gilyarevsky R. S. , Starostin B. A. Foreign names and titles in the Russian text: Reference. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional .. - M .: Higher school, 1985. - 303 p.
- Ermolovich D. I. Rules of practical transcription of names from 29 western and eastern languages into Russian and from Russian into English. - M .: Audience, 2016 .-- 125 p. - ISBN 978-5-9907943-1-3 .
- Instructions for the Russian transfer of geographical names of Czechoslovakia / Comp. A. 3. Skripnichenko ; Ed. I.P. Litvin . - M .: Nauka , 1977 .-- 42 p. - 400 copies.