Tula History

The performance of the Russian army at the Battle of Kulikovo (Ancient miniature)

Ancient period

Traces of the presence of people of the Upper Paleolithic within the framework of modern Tula were not found, and the first evidence of the existence of ancient inhabitants within the city dates from the Mesolithic era. This Mesolithic site was discovered on the banks of the Upa River in the area of ​​modern Novomoskovskaya Street, where asymmetric flint tips, scrapers and nuclei were found by archaeologists. ^[1] Traces of a human settlement on the Alyoshnya creek, ^[2] near Tula, as well as in the area of ​​the Novo-Medvensky state farm on the left bank of Tulitsa, belong to the Bronze Age.

X-XV centuries

The Tula Territory has long been inhabited by the Slavic tribe Vyatichi . At the end of the X century, Vyatichi became tributaries of the Kiev princes, and since 1054 their lands became part of the Chernigov Principality . For the first time, Tula is mentioned in the compilation of the Nikon Chronicle under 1146 , which states that:

Svyatoslav Olgovich, an idea to Ryazan, and being in Mtsensk and in Tula, and in Dubka, on the Don, and in Yelets, and in Pronsk, and having come to Ryazan on the Oka.

From this we can conclude that at the time of the first mention of the city already existed, however, it is impossible to establish at least an approximate date for the foundation of the city. It is likely that the emergence of the settlement dates back to the 11th – 12th centuries.

However, some historians, based on the fact that this mention is an insert in the text made by later chroniclers of the 16th century, do not recognize such evidence as reliable. But they do not deny the existence of any settlement on the "old settlement", which is mentioned in the scribe books, when the Tulitsa flows into the Upu River. So it is quite possible that the history of Tula began back in the 9th-11th centuries, when it was one of the small fortified settlements.

The historical dependence of Tula on Ryazan makes it possible to assume that the foundation of Tula was conceived by the specific Ryazan princes, who set up an oak prison or fortification, at the confluence of Tulitsa into the river Upu. This happened, presumably, at the end of the XI or at the beginning of the XII century. The settlement was intended for military guards, as well as for collecting tribute from the local Vyatichi, whose settlements were lost in dense forests.

The location of ancient Tula by different scientists is determined differently. There is an assumption based on folk traditions, according to which the ancient Tula was located on the territory of the Gorodishche island on the river. Upe, where the Armory is now located, at the confluence of the river. Tulitsy in the river Upu, ^[3] while this version was never confirmed by archaeological excavations. In addition, this theory was criticized on the basis that the existence of an ancient city in this area was impossible due to large floods and floods. ^[4] This criticism was based on the description of the 18th century Armory, on the basis of which there was a water mill in the area in 1708, and there was no mention of the ancient settlement at that time.

Another theory, also based on the legend of the Tula inhabitants, places the ancient city three kilometers up from the mouth of Tulitsa when the Komerenka River flows into it, which had dried up by 1781. ^[five]

The name “Tula”, apparently, is closely connected with the Tulitsa river and is most likely interpreted as “a hidden, inaccessible place, an augment, a parasite for protection”. The first Tula settlement was located on the right bank of the Upa , near the mouth of Tulitsa . Over time, the opposite bank of Upa also populated .

In the XIII century, the north-eastern part of the Chernigov principality , which included Tula , was captured by the Ryazan princes. During the Tatar invasion, the Tula Territory was on the way of the Tatars' advance to Moscow , therefore, it was a participant in the long struggle of the Moscow Principality with the Tatars . In 1380, in the southeastern part of the modern Tula region , between the rivers Don and Nepryadva , the famous Kulikovo battle took place .

Already at that time, Moscow princes sought to annex Tula to their possessions, as can be seen from the agreement concluded in 1382 between Dmitry Donskoy and Ryazan Prince Oleg . In 1430-1434 Tula was the property of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas under an agreement with Prince Ryazan Ivan Fedorovich . Tula 's full accession to the Moscow possessions occurred under Basil II ( 1425 - 1462 ), and since then its historical development has become associated with the Moscow principality .

16th Century

Since the XVI century, Tula began to have great strategic importance, as it was located on the southern edge of the Russian state , on its steppe border and near several roads along which the Tatars moved. Desiring to strengthen this border, at the behest of Prince Vasily III , in 1509 in Tula on the left, less flooded bank of Upa , a wooden prison with a double wall and battle towers was built. It was located in a low, uncomfortable kolovina, near the floodplain of the river, but impenetrable swampy forests impeded access to the prison and served as its protection.

With its northeastern side, the fortress was pressed against the Upa and its branch - the Khomutovsky sleeve. From here, from the north-east, Tula was at greatest risk of attack from the Tatar hordes, moving deeper into Russia along the Muravsky Way . The half-ring of a wooden city stretched along the river, with its main hexagonal Krapivensky tower for three battles, turned its south side towards the road leading to the southern steppes and has long retained strategic and commercial importance. Through the fortified western Ilyinsky and eastern Nikitsky gates, trade routes went to the villages of Pavshino and Dedilovo . During all the danger, Moscow troops moved along all these roads to the south to repel the Tatar hordes. The fortifications of the wooden prison included Nikolsky and Ivanovo roads, which led to crossings through the Upa, and, in addition, fourteen deaf towers. The towers were armed with beepers and were always at the ready.

But still the wooden fortress could not be a reliable support from the frequent raids of the Tatars. Some time later, in 1514, the construction of a stone fortress, completed in 1520, began inside the oak fortress. The new fortress towered in the depths of the prison, near the river. Unlike the rounded outlines of the oak fortress, the Tula Kremlin had the shape of a regular quadrangle. Its southern Odoevsky gate was against the passage of the Krapivenskaya prison tower, and Pyatnitsky lay against the western Ilyinsky gate. The numerous towers of the chopped fortress were guided, for the most part, by the rest of the Kremlin towers and gates. Thus, the relationship was established between the two most important fortifications of the prison - the Kremlin and the wooden city, which formed the basis for the beginning of the formation of the city. The Stone Kremlin began to block the path to Moscow, taking on the raids of the Tatars.

The Kremlin became the center of Tula, despite the location slightly shifted to the northwest side of the wooden prison. Streets and roads stretched to the walls of the Kremlin from all the towers and passage gates of the oak city. Near the Kremlin were squares and city buildings. The Assumption Cathedral was built in the Kremlin itself, and the governor and protopop were built. There were also "siege yards" where the surrounding population was hiding at an alarming time, and huts in which artisans worked. Among the built-up Kremlin, one of the first streets of Tula was formed - Bolshaya Kremlin. She crossed the Kremlin from east to west, from Ivanovo to Pyatnitsky Gates, and outside the walls of the Kremlin, through the Ilyinsky Gates, poured into the road to Pavshino .

At the crossroads of two roads, one of which passed across the Kremlin, and the other led from Krapivenskaya passage tower, skirting the walls of the Kremlin, through the Red (Nikolsky) gate to Upe , the city's Trade Square was formed. It contained several hundred small shops, barns and huts.

In 1552, the Tula Kremlin withstood the heavy siege of the Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray , who brought his thirty thousandth army to Tula. Residents of the city repelled the attack of the Crimean army before the approach of the troops of Ivan the Terrible . During the sixteenth century, Tula suffered very much from the constant raids of the Tatars. One of the chroniclers described the raid of 1596 as follows:

To prevent a constant threat of attack, the Russian government from the middle of the XVI century began to create a defensive line - a notch line. Initially, the "notches" were natural natural barriers - forest border barriers with "notch", that is, fallen trees in those places where roads passed through the forest. Gradually they began to strengthen with ramparts and ditches. Wooden jails and earthen bastions were built. In the 17th century, the cross-cutting line crossing the Tula Territory, which stretched from the south of Kaluga to the north of the Ryazan Region , was a grandiose fortified line guarded by special "serif heads" and "serge guards." The line was considered a reserve, and in the wrong places, passage and passage were forbidden through it. Due to the fact that Tula was in the very center of this serif line, then, together with the entire southern outskirts, it took upon itself all the dangers of the invasion.

In the eastern part of the prison, near the Kremlin, in honor of protecting the city from the siege of Devlet I Giray , the Baptist Monastery was built in 1553 . He, like the Kremlin , was in the depths of the prison, near Upa . Also at this time begins the construction of various wooden churches around and inside the Kremlin. According to the scribe book of 1587 - 1589 , in Tula, in addition to the Assumption Cathedral and the Resurrection Church in the old settlement, there were six more churches. Of these, Pyatnitskaya , Spasskaya and Nikitskaya were located near the towers and the gates of the Kremlin of the same name, located on three of its sides. Other churches: Flora and Lavra , Elijah the Prophet and George on the Rzhavts were built in the settlements, which began to arise in these years near the walls of a wooden prison, in its safest western side. Settlements began to arise on the right bank of Upa . Thirty state blacksmiths settled there, who in 1595 received the right to independently populate the Zarechye .

As the population of Tula grew rapidly, people were forced to settle in the southeast side of the city, which was most at risk of attack. The settlements, which were located between the Krapivensky and Nikitsky gates, were fenced with an earthen rampart and called the “earthen rampart”. In addition, Tula from the east was fortified by guard settlements of archers, Cossacks and gunners.

XVII century

In the XVII century, Tula became a witness to the intervention in Russia . In 1605 she was captured by False Dmitry and was expecting the fall of Moscow . In 1607, Tula was captured by peasant rebels led by Bolotnikov . Only four months later, the tsarist forces, led by Vasily Shuisky , managed to break the resistance by damaging the Upu and flooding the Kremlin (see siege of Tula ). The events of the Time of Troubles devastated and devastated the city.

With the accession of the left-bank Ukraine, Tula loses its position as a serf city, since the borderline of the Russian state goes far to the south. But its location at the intersection of large and commercially important roads contributes to the fact that Tula takes on the character of a commercial and industrial city. The military composition of the city was gradually replaced by the merchant-urban population and artisans. Forging craft begins to develop in Tula , and the presence of a large amount of iron ore contributes to the development of iron production. At the same time, the old oak walls of the Baptist Monastery were replaced with stone, instead of the dilapidated wooden churches, new stone churches appeared: Kazanskaya ( 1646 ) with the first bell tower in the city decorated with a tower clock, the three-tent church of the Praise of the Most Holy Theotokos in the Baptist Monastery (second half of the 17th century ), Blagoveshchenskaya ( 1692 ) and others.

The largest building of the time is the Assumption Monastery , built in the southern, little developed part of the old city. Between the monastery and the Kremlin wall a new square formed, which quickly filled with benches and rows displaced from the old Market Square. At this time, the city was growing rapidly. By the end of the 17th century, the Zarechye area had grown significantly, where a new one was added to the Kuznetsk and Yamskaya settlements - the Pottery settlement. In 1696 , at the insistence of gunsmiths, posad people were taken out of the Kuznetsk settlement. They are located in the south of the city, next to the earthen city, in the independent Petrovsky settlement. Petrovskaya was followed by the already existing Nikolo-Rzhavskaya, Pavshinskaya and Florovskaya settlements, which, together with the Zemlyanoy Val, adjoined a wooden prison from the southwest.

Settlements were built up and expanded mainly along large roads: Petrovskaya Sloboda occupied the western side of the Krapivenskaya Road, and Frolovskaya and Pavshinskaya Sloboda settled along the road to Pavshino . Thus, the rays of city roads lengthened, and at the same time, a second half-ring of suburbs appeared, which repeated the outline of the borders of the wooden spur, and thereby did not violate the fan-shaped plan of the city that had developed in the 16th century . At the same time, the district was formed independently of the semicircular plan of the central part of Tula . It was built up mainly along the large road to Moscow , which later became known as Millionnaya Street (now Oktyabrskaya). This street also led from Zarechye to the old city, connecting with it the Red Bridge and the Red (Nikolsky) gates of the prison. Going around the Kremlin, it poured into the southern Krapivensky road, which since the mid- 17th century has become the main route connecting the rich lands of Ukraine with Moscow .

In connection with the country's need for metal and weapons, Moscow princes, as early as the end of the 15th century , drew attention to the construction of their own weapons industry. The beginning of the development of official weapons in Tula was the decree of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich , who freed the Tula "self-made" blacksmiths from taxes and zemstvo duties and obliged them to make official weapons. In the 17th century , factories appeared in Tula for the manufacture of iron ore and iron from iron ore and the casting of weapons from them. The first arms factory in Tula was built by the Russian Dutchman Vinius , whose building permit he received in 1632 from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich . Later, his companions, Peter Marcelius and Filimon Akema, built new plants near Tula , which manufactured not only military, but also household metal products.

18th century

The 18th century was a new era in the development of the city. Since the time of Peter the Great, the weapons production of Tula passed into the hands of local blacksmiths-gunsmiths and, above all, to the adventurous and skilled gunsmith Nikita Demidovich Demidov , the ancestor of the famous industrialists in the 18th century . Later, on the orders of Peter the Great, the first gun manufactory was built in Tula - the state-owned arms factory , which served as the basis for the entire arms business in Russia . The whole life of the city from the old center was transferred to the right bank of the Upa , where the main weapons production was located - Kuznetsk and Arms settlement. Здесь у реки, на левом берегу, напротив кремля , на месте старого городища в 1712 году был построен казённый Оружейный завод , где сконцентрировалось разбросанное кустарное производство кузнецов-оружейников. Вскоре сама река Упа привлекла к себе интерес Петра I, который решил связать реки Московского бассейна с Азовским морем посредством соединения Оки , Упы и реки Шат , через Иван-озеро с Доном . Тула должна была стать одним из крупнейших центров на этом речном пути. В 1707 году через Тулу прошёл первый караван судов, но водная система не получила распространения и вскоре заглохла. В связи с этим и Упа не приобрела того значения, которое могла бы иметь в качество одного из звеньев в морском плане Петра I.

К началу XVIII века город располагался уже по обеим сторонам Упы, русло которой разделяло Тулу на две основные части — городскую, или посадскую, и Заречье , возле которого находилась присоединённая позже к Туле Чулковская слобода, ставшая третьей городской частью. В это время начинает застраиваться набережная Упы в Заречье . Там появляются дома богатых оружейников и сооружённые на их средства храмы, такие как Николы Зарецкого и Вознесенский . В то же время крепостные сооружения старого города утратили своё былое значение, постепенно стали ветшать и разрушаться. В 1740 -х годах были разобраны стены дубовой крепости, а вскоре был срыт и Земляной вал. В городе к этому времени почти не осталось деревянных церквей. Они были заменены выстроенными на купеческие средства каменными храмами, которые резко выделялись на фоне деревянной жилой зоны.

Тула в то время густо разрасталась городскими районами и предместьями.

В XVIII веке Тула стала известна как крупный промышленный центр железного и чугунного производства. Она стала славиться искусством своих мастеров, изготовлявших не только оружие, но и точные измерительные и физические приборы, различные механизмы, художественные металлические изделия. В 1777 году из провинциального города Московской губернии Тула преобразуется сначала в наместничество с рядом уездных городов и самостоятельным гражданским управлением, а в 1797 году становится центром Тульской губернии , оставаясь центром Тульского уезда .

XIX century

В начале XIX века, в разгар войны с Наполеоном , значение Тулы как производственного и оружейного центра возросло ещё больше. Город был основным центром, который обеспечивал снабжение армии оружием. Оружейники усердно работали в течение всей войны 1812 года. Наступление Наполеона на Москву заставило задуматься об эвакуации тульского завода, но Кутузов отменил её, и завод продолжал работать. В сумме за 1812—1814 гг. завод и частные мастерские смогли изготовить в общей сложности почти 600 тыс. ружей. В боевых действиях в ходе войны приняло участие сформированное в губернии Тульское народное ополчение, которое участвовало также и в заграничном походе. Во время последующей Крымской войны , как и во время Отечественной, тульские мастера обеспечивали оружием русскую армию.

В конце XIX — начале XX века в Туле появились крупные предприятия металлургической, металлообрабатывающей, военной и сахарной промышленности, которые вместе с реконструированным в 1870—1873 годах оружейным заводом стояли в одном ряду с крупнейшими промышленными предприятиями России. Одновременно с крупной развивалась и кустарная промышленность — скобяная, самоварная, гармонная, пряничное производство .

В 1861 году произошла отмена крепостного права в России. Это события не могло не повлиять на город, в котором множество заводских рабочих являлись подневольными людьми. Больше двух тысяч человек было переписано в мещане и освобождено от обязательного рабского труда на оружейных заводах. Таким образом, в Туле появилось единое городское общество, во главе которого появилась городская дума.

Новые порядки требовали нового подхода к производству, и в 1870—1873 гг. оружейный завод был подвергнут масштабной реконструкции, что позволило объединить производство винтовок в одном месте. До преобразования отдельные части оружия изготавливались в различных местах. Также появилось полностью государственное предприятие, по качеству продукции не уступавшее лучшим из заводов Западной Европы. В века именно здесь началось создание нового изобретения С. И. Мосина — трехлинейной винтовки, под руководством самого её создателя.

Но не только для металлообрабатывающей промышленности Тулы наступил новый век. Начали работать сахарный, медообрабатывающий, патронный завод. Стремительно росло мелкое производство самоварных, скобяных, гармонных мастерских. Экономические связи города простирались дальше, чем прежде, и немало поспособствовала этому линия железной дороги, проложенная через Тулу, и открытие в 1872 году железнодорожных мастерских. К концу XIX века в Туле уже действовали не только обычные, но и специализированные учебные заведения и школы: оружейная, фельдшерская, помимо железнодорожного училища. Эта новая жизнь города осталась запечатленной на страницах великих русских классиков, которые имели возможность наблюдать её своими глазами: Г. И. Успенского , М. Е. Салтыкова-Щедрина , В. В. Вересаева .

На провинциальной жизни отчетливо сказывалось вступление России на путь империализма. За относительно короткий промежуток времени с 1856 г.по 1897 г. население Тулы составило 114 тысяч человек, то есть увеличилось практически вдвое. Для регулирования финансово-экономической ситуации в городе возникли первые банки: отделения Международного торгового а также Московского учётного банков. Кроме этого, о финансовом росте города свидетельствовал и тот факт, что начали появляться предприятия, созданные с участием западных финансистов: железопрокатный завод, Судаковский металлургический завод, электростанция

XX century

В 1898 году в Туле возникла социал-демократическая группа, в 1901 — комитет РСДРП . Советская власть была установлена 7(20) декабря 1917 года . В годы гражданской войны город был центром вооружения Красной Армии .

В октябре—декабре 1941 года, в течение 45 дней ( Тульская операция ), Тула находилась почти в полном кольце осады, подвергалась артиллерийскому и миномётному обстрелу и воздушным налётам гитлеровской авиации. Под ударами Красной Армии враг отступил на юг, осада Тулы была снята. Промышленность Тулы, в значительной степени подорванная оккупацией, была восстановлена в максимально короткие сроки.

Высшая степень отличия « Город-герой » с вручением ордена Ленина и медали «Золотая Звезда» присвоена городу Туле в 1976 году за массовый героизм и мужество его защитников, проявленные в борьбе за свободу и независимость Родины в Великой Отечественной войне .

В наши дни Тула относится к числу крупных промышленно-торговых центров. Ведущими отраслями промышленности можно назвать чернометаллургическую (ПАО «Тулачермет», Косогорский металлургический завод), машиностроительную и металлообрабатывающую (Комбайновый завод, Оружейный завод, Приборостроительный завод, Завод горного и транспортного машиностроения, «Штамп»).

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• Любомудров А. А. Древняя Тула / А. А. Любомудров. — [Репр.оригинала : Тула : Электропеч. и тип. И. Д. Фортунатова насл., 1908]. — Москва : Книга по Требованию, 2012. — 45 с. — (Книжный Ренессанс)
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• Портал «Путешествия по Святым местам» . Автор: Жуковская Д.