All Saints

The village received the name All Saints (or All Saints ) from the church in the name of All Saints, built in 1683 (currently, on the site of this church is a new church of All Saints, built in 1733-1736). The previous name of the village is the Holy Fathers . There is no consensus on the origin of this name. According to one version, earlier on the site of the village there was a monastery with a church consecrated in honor of the VII Ecumenical Council of Holy Fathers ^[5] . According to another version, hermit elders lived in that monastery, which explains the name of the village. ^{[7] The} colloquial name of the village - Luzha Otsovskaya - is explained by the fact that the Khodynka and Tarakanovka rivers flowed here, periodically flooding the area ^[5] . In some sources, the name Tresvyatskoe is found ^[8] .

The village of Vsekhsvyatskoye was 5 miles (5.5 km ) from the Tverskaya Zastava . It was located on both sides of the Petersburg highway . The borders of the village were: Khodynskoye field , Moscow River , Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo , Koptevo , Petrovsko-Razumovskoye and Petrovskoye-Zykovo . ^[9]

The All Saints was located on a small elevation near the border of the basins of two rivers: Moscow and Yauza . Altitude is about 158 ​​meters ^[10] . Sand prevails in the soil of the village of All Saints. In this regard, many streets and alleys of the village were called Pesochnye (see Peschanaya street ) ^[11] .

From the west and from the south-east of the village there were two forests: the Great All-Saints Grove and the Small All-Saints Grove ^[12] . ^[13] The Tarakanovka and Khodynka rivers flowed through the village ^[5] . In All Saints there was a large number of wells with clean drinking water ^[14] .

Population dynamics of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky:

Religion and National Composition

According to the census of 1868, in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky there were 431 residents and 406 people registered ^[19] . According to the general census of 1897 , out of 1394 inhabitants of the All Saints, 1346 were Orthodox Christians ^[22] (96.6%). Most of the villagers were parishioners of the All Saints Church . ^[24] In the 18th century , a Georgian settlement existed in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky. Representatives of the Georgian royal families lived here with their retinue ^[5] . In the 19th and early 20th centuries Jews lived in All Saints. ^{[13] [25]} For some time they even had their own synagogue , located on the Barskaya side of the All Saints ^[26] (west of the Petersburg Highway ^[27] ).

The first records in the annals

Initially, the village of All Saints bore the name of the Holy Fathers . About when the village was founded, there is no consensus. ^[28] The book of I. F. Tokmakov , published at the end of the 19th century on the 500th anniversary of the village, is considered to be the main source of information about the history of the village of All Saints. In this book, the author writes that the year 1398 can be considered the year of foundation of the village. Allegedly, the reference to the ancient monastery “ in the name of the Saints the Father ”, which gave the name to the village formed near it, “the village of the Holy Fathers on the Khodynka River ” supposedly refers to this year. ^[29] Some modern historians ( N. M. Moleva , E. V. Lebedeva) agree with Tokmakov, who in their works indicate 1398 as the year the village was founded. ^{[30] [5]} However, in the book about the village of All Saints Tokmakov did not give a link to the source. ^[28] Very little is known about the monastery, which gave the name to the village. It is not completely clear when and for what reason it was abolished. ^{[28] [5]} There is no documentary or archaeological evidence of the existence of the monastery. ^[28]

A number of modern sources ( the Moscow encyclopedia , K. A. Averyanov, S. K. Romanyuk ) believe that the village of Holy Fathers was first mentioned in 1498 in the spiritual letter of Prince Ivan Yurievich Patrikeev . ^{[31] [32] [33]} According to the third version put forward by N. Balandinsky, the first mention can be attributed to 1389 , when Dmitry Donskoy in his second spiritual letter bequeathed the Khodynsky Mill to his princess. Presumably, this mill belonged to the village of Holy Fathers. ^[34]

Village in the 15th - first half of the 17th centuries

In 1498, Prince Ivan Yurievich Patrikeev bequeathed the village of the Holy Fathers along with other lands to his son Ivan. ^{[31] [32]} In 1499, the Patrikeev clan was in disgrace, and the village passed into the treasury. In 1587, Tsar Fedor granted the village the archpriest of the Kremlin's Archangel Cathedral . ^[35] From 1599 to 1615, the village of the Holy Fathers was given “ for food ” to Bishop Arseniy Elassonsky , who had come to Moscow from Greece. ^[36]

Another mention in the annals dates back to 1599 , when Boris Godunov sent the ash-tree nothing and the duma nobleman Mikhail Tatishchev to the village of Holy Fathers to meet the Swedish prince Gustav . The king intended to extradite Princess Xenia for him. ^[37]

In 1608, during the war with False Dmitry II , the troops of the royal governor Skopin-Shuisky camped in the village. In the area of ​​modern Sand Lane, Prince Skopin-Shuisky founded the Prince's Court. After the sudden attack of False Dmitry II, the government army retreated, and the impostor briefly occupied the village. According to legend, before fleeing, he buried his treasures in the Prince's Court. ^[38]

The events of the Time of Troubles led to the fact that the village was subjected to almost complete ruin. The scribe book of 1624 described this area as a wasteland, " that there was a village of the Holy Fathers on a river on Khodynka ." ^{[39] The} wasteland of the Holy Fathers continued to be in the possession of the Archangel Cathedral. According to the decision of the Zemsky Sobor of 1648–1649 on the transfer of church lands to the state, the wasteland entered the palace department. ^[40]

All Saints in the second half of the XVII - the first third of the XIX century

After 1678, Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky , one of the main initiators of the first streltsy riot, received these lands. ^{[41] The} village began to be populated again. On the initiative of Miloslavsky in 1683, a small stone church was built in the name of All Saints, after which the village became officially called the All Saints. In 1685, Ivan Mikhailovich died, and the village was inherited by his only daughter, Fedosya Ivanovna Miloslavskaya ^[5] .

According to the description of 1686, there was a “ boyar ’s yard in the village , and there lived a clerk, a stable yard, and cattle with every courtyard, and again a mill was built on the river in Vsesvyatsky on the Khodynka river, it was ground in 4 wheels. In total, there are 44 people in the village and at the mill of backyards, bonded, and backyard people and cooks . ” ^[39]

In 1688, Fedosya Ivanovna married the Imereti Tsarevich Alexander Archilovich , who, together with his father, Archil II , and his brothers moved from Georgia to Russia in 1681 . In Moscow, he became friends with the young Peter I. ^[42]

After the death of Fedosya Ivanovna in 1695, the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye was transferred to Tsarevich Alexander Archilovich by personal order of Peter the Great. From that moment, the Vsekhsvyatskoye became one of the two centers of the Georgian colony in Moscow (the second - in the area of ​​Georgian streets). Among the Georgians who settled in All Saints were the educator Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani and the poet Mamuka Baratashvili . ^[43]

In 1700, during the Battle of Narva, Alexander Archilovich was captured (where he died in 1711 ) ^[5] . Management of the village passed to his father, Archil II. Under him, the first Georgian printing house was founded in the All Saints, where church and liturgical books were printed in Georgian. After the death of Archil II in 1713, the All Saints inherited his daughter, Daria Archilovna . ^[44]

In the first third of the 18th century , the emperors repeatedly stopped at the entrance to Moscow in the All Saints. In January 1722, Peter I visited the All Saints, and then from the village to the Kremlin began a masquerade procession dedicated to the Nishtadt world - the victory in the Northern War. ^[45] In the 1720s, Georgian Tsar Vakhtang VI with his sons Bakar and George, who was freed from Persian captivity, moved to the All Saints with the assistance of Peter I. ^[46]

Important political events took place in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky. In 1728, the daughter of Tsarevich Alexei , Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna, who died of measles, died in the house of Daria Archilovna. This death gave rise to rumors of a secret conspiracy. At the time of the death of the Grand Duchess, the only witness beside her was Anna Kramer, who was subsequently generously awarded. ^[47]

In February 1730, before entering Moscow, the Empress Anna Ioannovna stopped for several days in the palace of All Saints. There she was preparing for the ceremonial entry into Moscow and met with representatives of the Supreme Privy Council . ^[45]

In 1733 - 1736, at the initiative of Princess Daria Archilovna, a new church of All Saints was erected on the site of the old church, which has survived to this day. One of the chapels of the temple - Anna the Prophetess - was named in honor of the namesake of Anna Ioannovna ^[5] .

Daria Archilovna died, leaving no heirs. In 1748, the village was granted to its closest relatives, the sons of Vakhtang VI, - princes Bakar and George Vakhtangovich; All holy was divided between them. Bakar Vakhtangovich got 84 domestic and 104 peasants, Georgy Vakhtangovich - 85 domestic and 187 peasants. Two years later, Bakar died, and half of the village went to his widow Anna Yegorovna with his sons Leon and Alexander. The other half of the All Saints after the death of George Vakhtangovich in 1786 according to his will passed to Catherine II . The village was officially divided into two possessions - Small All Saints and Big All Saints . ^[17]

Alexander Bakarovich died in 1791 , and his possessions were inherited by his son - Georgy Alexandrovich Gruzinsky . He updated the winter palace of the village of All Saints, built a new summer and built a magnificent garden. ^[48]

During the invasion of Napoleon in 1812, the All Saints was badly damaged. All buildings were burned, ponds were lowered, looters ravaged the church. ^[20] But shortly after World War II, the village was restored with new luxury. Statues depicting Russian soldiers in various forms of ammunition were installed in the garden of All Saints. ^[48]

All Saints in the second third of the XIX - early XX centuries

After laying the Petersburg Highway in the 1830s , Vsekhsvyatskoye turned into a noisy Moscow suburb. Prince George Alexandrovich left the village in his Nizhny Novgorod estate Lyskovo , where he died in 1852 . His estates were inherited by his daughter, Countess A.G. Tolstoy, known for her charity and patronage to N.V. Gogol . She soon sold her part of All Saints to private hands. The other part of the village passed from the princes of Georgia to the treasury. ^[fifty]

After the serf reform of 1861, the All Saints became a volost center. ^{[20] The} lands of the village were sold out and adapted to cottages . At these dachas, families of officers who served in summer military camps on the Khodynsky field preferred to settle ^[5] . One of the cottages belonged to the lilac breeder L. A. Kolesnikov , where he was engaged in the selection of lilacs. ^{[51] [52]} At the end of the 19th century, the population of the All Saints increased rapidly. ^[24]

At the end of the 19th century, several factories and plants were opened in the All Saints. Near the platform near Moscow Vindava railway appeared repair shops and a working village. ^[20] Many migrant workers rented apartments from local residents or lived directly in factories. ^[53]

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in All Saints opened several invalid homes , known far beyond Moscow: Aleskandrovsky , Alekseevsky and Sergiev-Elizabethan shelters. ^[54] With the outbreak of World War I , the Moscow City Brotherly Cemetery appeared in the All Saints, where the dead soldiers were buried ^[55] .

All Saints during the years of Soviet power

In 1917, the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye became part of Moscow. It became part of the Butyrsko-Vsekhsvyatsky district (from 1920 - Krasnopresnensky, from 1939 - the Leningrad district) ^[3] . In the 1920s , on the outskirts of the village in the Great All Saints Grove, the first cooperative residential village Sokol appeared in Moscow, which has survived to this day. ^[56] In honor of this village, the metro station and the entire surrounding area were later named. ^[57]

In the literature of the 1990s and 2000s, it is argued that, since the historical name of the village was unacceptable to the Soviet government from an ideological point of view, in 1928 Vsehsvyatskoye was renamed into the village of Usievich in honor of the revolutionary G. A. Usievich ^[5] . Nevertheless, in the documents and on the maps of Moscow until the end of the 1940s this area is designated as the All Saints ^[58] . ^[59] Only 1st, 2nd ^[60] and 3rd ^[61] All Saints Streets received the name of Usievich.

In the early 1940s, this area still looked like a countryside. Here, mainly 1-2-storey houses were located. But since 1948, active housing construction began in the district ^[11] . Along Novopeschanaya Street, blocks of multi-story Stalinist houses were erected. A little later, the blocks of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky were built up, located east of the Leningrad highway. The cemeteries of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky were liquidated, ^[5] the Tarakanovka and Khodynka rivers were removed into collectors .

At the turn of the XVII — XVIII centuries, a wooden winter palace was built under Alexander Archilovich in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky. ^[62] This palace, before the construction of the Petrovsky Travel Palace at the end of the 18th century, served as a stopping place for the Tsar’s persons before entering Moscow. Peter I , Anna Ioannovna and Catherine II stayed in the palace of the village of All Saints. ^[43]

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries under Prince George Alexandrovich, the winter palace was renovated and a new summer built. ^[63] A luxurious garden with rare plants was set up next to the palace, followed by an English park . In the garden was a large greenhouse . The garden of the summer palace went down to the pond on the Tarakanovka river. An artificial island was arranged in the center of the pond. On holidays, gypsies sang in the gazebo on the island, and guests in luxurious gondolas rode around the pond. ^[48] Winter and summer palaces were demolished by the middle of the 19th century, and in their place there were summer cottages. ^[62]

At the beginning of the 19th century, a construction plan was being worked out in the garden of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, belonging to the Expedition of the Kremlin structure , of imperial palaces ( Fig. To the left ). This project is attributed to the architect I.V. Egotov . It schematically shows the palaces and the canal into which it was supposed to turn the Tarakanovka river. But this plan has actually remained unrealized. ^[64]

According to archaeologists who excavated in the 1950s, one of the palaces was located in the area of ​​the modern Sandy Lane . Here were found many tiles and fragments of a faience service with the coat of arms of the Princes of Georgia. ^{[65] [66]}

Church of All Saints in All Saints

The Church of All Saints in All Saints is the oldest building of the village, which has survived to this day. The current building was built in 1733-1736 on the site of the old church of All Saints, founded in 1683 . The initiator of the construction was the Imereti Princess Daria Archilovna, who at that time owned the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye. The services in the temple were at one time conducted in Georgian . ^{[45] [5]}

In 1798, the Church of All Saints was renovated, an iconostasis was built in it, and a royal place on the left choir ^[5] . In 1812, the temple was ruined by the Napoleonic army. French soldiers set up a horse stall in it ^[67] . But the very next year the temple was restored and consecrated again. ^[68] Due to the rapid increase in the population of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, the church expanded and rebuilt twice ^[69] (in 1886 by the architect A.P. Popov ^[70] and in 1902 - 1903 by the architect N. N Blagoveshchensky ^[71] ).

In 1923 the Renovationists captured the temple, but until the end of the 1930s, services were still taking place in it. In 1939 the temple was closed, and its five-tier iconostasis was publicly burned in the courtyard; inside the building is a warehouse. In 1945, local residents obtained permission to open the temple, and by Easter 1946 it was consecrated again ^[5] .

Alexander Nevsky Temple at Alexander's Refuge

The temple in the name of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky was located on the territory of the Alexander Shelter . It was laid in 1881 with the participation of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder and consecrated in 1883 . The temple was built in memory of Emperor Alexander II , who died in 1881 as a result of an assassination attempt. Funds for the construction and decoration of the temple were provided by private individuals and several commercial and industrial institutions in Moscow. ^{[72] The} authors of the project were architects A.P. Popov and A.N. Kozlov . Shortly after construction, due to an increase in the number of parishioners, a need arose to expand the temple. In 1892, the architect V.P. Zagorsky developed a project for the restructuring of the temple, providing for an increase in the area of ​​the refectory , the altar and the construction of the bell tower. ^[73]

In April 1923, authorities closed the temple. All church utensils were seized; in the premises of the temple is a club of a pilot colony named after Karl Marx. ^[74] In 1928, the church building was partially dismantled. Until 1963, it still stood in the courtyard of the prosthetic plant, and then it was finally demolished. ^[75]

Church of the Savior Transfiguration at the Brotherhood Cemetery

The Church of the Transfiguration of Our Savior was laid in 1915 at the Bratskoye cemetery . The funds for its construction were donated by the Katkova couple, who lost two sons in the First World War. According to their idea, the temple was supposed to have chapels in the name of the Archangel Michael and the Apostle Andrew the First - Called - by the namesake of the sons. The design of the temple was prepared by the architect A. V. Shchusev , who conceived it in the medieval Russian style ^[5] . The chapel in the name of the Archangel Michael was consecrated on August 8, 1916 , and the chapel in the name of St. Andrew the First-Called - on January 15, 1917 . The main temple was consecrated in December 1918 . ^[76]

In 1924, a proposal arose to close the temple and transfer it to the college for the disabled. In 1938, the workshop of the sculptors sculpted the equestrian statue of M.V. Frunze was housed in the church building. The building was finally demolished in the late 1940s with the beginning of the development of the area of ​​Sandy streets . ^[77]

All Saints Cemetery

The cemetery at the Church of All Saints has been known since the 18th century . Many representatives of the Georgian princely families ( Bagrations , Tsitsianovs and others) were buried here. ^[13] According to some reports, the Georgian writer Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani was buried at the All Saints Cemetery ^[78] . At the end of the XIX century, wealthy peasants were buried in this cemetery. At the same time, ancient gravestones were often destroyed, rearranged from place to place, or used as building material. ^[79] The area of ​​the cemetery was 0.889 ha ^[80] .

The cemetery existed until 1982 , after which it was destroyed by order of the liquidation of cemeteries within Moscow. ^[81] However, some tombstones have survived to this day. Among them - a pyramidal tombstone on the grave of Prince I. A. Bagration , the father of the commander P. I. Bagration ^[5] .

Arbatetskoye Cemetery

Arbatetskoye cemetery ^[80] existed in the 19th century and was located on the western outskirts of the village ^[82] . Then it was called the Soldier's Cemetery . For a long time there was not even a chapel on it. Mostly poor peasants were buried there. ^[79] In 1911, a one-story brick chapel was built near the cemetery (architect R. I. Klein ) ^[83] . ^{[sn 1]} The area of ​​the cemetery was 1.27 ha ^[80] .

The cemetery also functioned in Soviet times until the 1960s ^[84] . Then the cemetery was liquidated; the remains of people demanded by relatives were reburied. Now, a small square at the even side of Alabyan Street has been broken down at the cemetery. The chapel building has survived to the present day, although it has undergone significant restructuring ^[85] . In the territory of the former cemetery, one pre-revolutionary tombstone was preserved ^[86] with the inscription "Unforgettable mother from a loving daughter."

Fraternal Cemetery

Shortly after Russia's entry into the First World War, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fedorovna came up with the initiative to create the Brotherhood Cemetery in Moscow. It was intended for war victims who died in Moscow hospitals. Under this cemetery, A.N. Golubitskaya purchased a land plot in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky. The opening of the cemetery took place on February 15, 1915 . About 18 thousand soldiers, officers, doctors, nurses and pilots who died in the war were buried on it ^[55] . In 1918, the church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord was built at the Bratskoye cemetery. ^[76]

In the mid-1920s, the fraternal cemetery was closed for burial. In the 1930s, a park was built on the site of the cemetery; all but one of the tombstones were demolished. The cemetery was finally liquidated in the late 1940s in connection with the development of the area of ​​Sandy streets ^[55] . At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries, many memorial signs were erected in the park and a chapel was opened in memory of the dead ^[5] .

Alexander's Refuge

Alexander's refuge for the crippled and elderly warriors of the Russian-Turkish war appeared near the village of Vsekhsvyatsky in 1878 . He was called Alexandrovsky in memory of Emperor Alexander II . ^{[87] The} shelter was located on the left side of the St. Petersburg highway near the Small All-Saints Grove. The construction was carried out at the expense of donations from various charitable organizations and individuals. At the shelter, they built the temple of Alexander Nevsky and set up a park. ^[88] By 1898, there were 15 houses for lower ranks in the Aleksandrovsky shelter, ^[89] a management house, a farmhouse, ^{[88] a} sickbay house , a pharmacy with an outpatient clinic , a bathhouse , a clergy house and a laundry room . More than 100 people could live here. ^[90]

In 1934, the buildings of the Institute for the Study of the Labor of Persons with Disabilities were erected at the place of asylum. Then a prosthetic plant was built here; later - a complex of office buildings. From the shelter they got their names Disabled Streets and Disabled Market (now Leningradsky). ^[91]

Alekseevsky Shelter

Alekseevsky shelter for the wounded, crippled and elderly officers was established in 1893 . Alekseyevsky refuge was located in a two-story house built in the Italian style by architect I.P. Zalessky . The building was one common room, dining room, bathroom, library, kitchen and basement. The house had running water; in the courtyard there was a garden with lawns and flower beds. Alekseyevsky shelter was intended for 10 officers; separate rooms were reserved for them. ^[92]

The Alekseevsky shelter was located near the Petersburg highway (opposite the modern metro station " Airport "). In the 1910s, the building of the shelter was transferred to the hostel of the Imperial Moscow Aeronautics Society. In Soviet times, the building of the Alekseevsky refuge was demolished. ^[91]

Sergius Elizabethan Refuge

In 1907, at the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, on the initiative of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, they founded the Sergius-Elizabethan refuge for the crippled warriors of the Russo-Japanese War ^[85] . It was located in the Small All Saints Grove near the Alexander and Alekseevsky shelters. By 1909, the complex of asylum buildings included one three-story brick residential building, a farmhouse, a power station, and several wooden outbuildings. On the top floor of the main building of the shelter there was a church in the name of St. Sergius and the righteous Elizabeth . In addition to the invalids of the Russo-Japanese War, police officers wounded in the line of duty and orphans, whose parents died in the war, were taken asylum. The shelter, designed to accommodate about 100 people, had an elementary school with a craft department for children. There was even a brass band of its own. ^[93] In 1918, the shelter was closed; later, the construction of the shelter was completely demolished ^[85] .

Sanatorium "Camomile"

At the beginning of the XX century, Elizaveta Fyodorovna founded another charity institution at the village of Vsekhsvyatsky - the chamomile orphanage of the sanatorium type. He was in the Great All Saints Grove near the Serebryany Bor station. The shelter treated children with tuberculosis . The name of the shelter was explained by the fact that the white chamomile flower is a symbol of the tuberculosis movement ^[94] . To everyone who donated their funds to the sanatorium, a large bouquet of daisies was awarded as a sign of gratitude. The shelter was headed by O. I. Bogoslovskaya , an associate of Elizabeth Feodorovna and a member of the community of the Martha-Mariinsky monastery . ^[95] The Chamomile sanatorium lasted until the 1930s . Then in its buildings housed a shelter for street children, ^[96] and after the war all of its buildings were demolished.

Industry

Zemsky leaders of the second half of the 19th century attributed Vsekhsvyatskoye to industrial settlements, that is, a significant part of the inhabitants were workers of factories, factories and railways ^[53] . Over the past 40 years of the 19th century, rural industry has grown by about 3.4 times. According to 1910, the annual turnover per one villager was 431 rubles. Industry accounted for 67% of the commercial and industrial activity of the village ^[97] .

At the end of the 19th century, the following factories and plants existed in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky:

• The embroidery factory of the trading house “Mikhail Timashev and Co.” , opened in 1886 ^[98] . At the factory sewed various linen and dresses. By 1898, the factory had 16 embroidery manual machines, 2 steam boilers and 2 steam engines; 25 men and 45 women worked. Workers had accident insurance ^[99] .
• The Izolyator Porcelain Factory , founded in 1894 by the artist, the hereditary nobleman N. P. Sorokhtin ^[100] . Initially, ceramic dishes were made at the factory. In 1896, a land plot was acquired for the plant and a new building was built. In 1897, the plant was acquired by E. N. Chokolova, an applied artist, co-owner of the Abramtsevo art and pottery workshop founded by S. I. Mamontov , and the wife of S. P. Chokolov, a railroad construction partner. The new owner tried to establish the production of art products at the factory, in which Mamontov actively helped Chokolova, but it did not expand widely ^[101] . The plant changed its focus on the production of porcelain insulators for telephone and telegraph wires ^[102] . In 1897, the plant employed more than 200 people ^[103] . In the literature on Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin it is mentioned that in 1900 the painter worked in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky at the Sorokhtin plant, but the name of the plant was not specified ^[104] . The Izolyator plant continues to exist to this day. Only in 2008 he moved to the Moscow region ^[105] .
• Soap and chemical factory of the company Polza , founded by N.P. Sorokhtin near the Izolyator factory in 1896 . The factory specialized in the production of various types of soap ^[106] .
• Perfume factory Seletsky , which existed in the All Saints until 1896 ^[107] .
• The Tumanov brick factory , which appeared in the 1870s, but existed for less than six months ^[108] .
• Printing house and bookbinding workshop , opened by the merchant I. G. Pogudkin at the end of the XIX century ^[109] .

Trade and services

The economy of All Saints was influenced by a favorable geographical position: the village was located near Moscow on the St. Petersburg highway , nearby Khodynsky military camps were located. Therefore, by the end of the 19th century, peasants ceased to engage in agriculture. They began to build cottages on their lands and engage in trade. ^[20] Land prices grew very rapidly: over the last quarter of the 19th century, the price per square fathom increased from 15 kopecks to 4 rubles. ^[26]

According to 1869, in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky there were 66 horses, 66 cows and 12 small livestock ^[19] . At the beginning of the 20th century, a veterinary station was opened in the village ^[110] .

In the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, there were many enterprises in the service sector. In 1884 there were eight shops, nine taverns and one drinking house ^[20] ; in 1898 - five shops, five taverns and one country restaurant. ^[26] Their craft was widespread knitting stockings ^[111] .

Transport

An important road Moscow - St. Petersburg passed through Vsehsvyatskoye, which contributed to the development of intercity transport. In 1820, a stagecoach station was opened in the village ^[112] .

At the beginning of the 20th century , railways appeared in the village. In 1901, near the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, the line of the Vindava railway passed and the Podmoskovnaya station opened ^[113] . In 1908, the grand opening of the Serebryany Bor station of the District Railway ^{[114] took place} . The station was built in the Great All Saints Grove ^[12] .

In 1897, from Moscow's Brest (Belorussky) station to the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, the first bicycle path was constructed in Moscow ^[115] .

The first plans for laying in the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye the line of a horse-drawn tram or an electric tram appeared back in the late 19th century ^[116] . In 1900, the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo Government concluded an agreement with the 1st Society of Horse Railways on the extension of the Tverskaya Zastava - Petrovsky Park line to the village of Vsekhsvyatsky ^[117] . They returned to this project in 1915 when it was planned to extend the tram line from Petrovsky Park to the village with a branch to the Bratskoye cemetery ^[118] . However, the first tram appeared in the All Saints in 1922 ^[119] .

In the early 1930s, plans were developed for the construction of the first trolleybus line in Moscow. It was decided that it will pass from the Tver outpost to the village of All Saints. For this, a small garage with workshops for four places was built in Vsehsvyatsky (in Golovanovsky Lane ). Regular trolleybus traffic was opened on November 15, 1933 ^[120] .

The construction plan for the metro line with the Vsekhsvyatskoye terminus appeared in 1933 . Later it was repeatedly corrected. In subsequent plans, the name of the station was changed to Sokol ^[121] (in honor of the cooperative residential village Sokol ). The opening of the Sokol metro station took place on September 11, 1938 ^[122] .

Since 1861, the village became the administrative center of the All Saints Volost . In All Saints there was a volost government . ^[20] It was engaged in the hiring and dismissal of volost officials, disposed of volost funds and certified property transactions ^[123] . All Saints parish covered the territory to the village of Khimki and the village of Businovo in the north, the villages of Zakharkovo and Ivankovo in the north-west and the villages of Petrovskoye-Zykovo in the east. ^[124]

In Vsehsvyatsky there was a camp apartment of the 3rd camp ^[6] . The bailiff served as a police officer on a part of the territory of Moscow County ^[125] . ^[126] In addition, a horse guard detachment was located in All Saints. ^[20] In 1901, a rural fire brigade was founded. ^[127] At the beginning of the 1920s, the 22nd police station and the Oktyabrsky fire station were located in Vsehsvyatsky ^[128] .

At the beginning of the 20th century, one Zemsky doctor was in the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye and neighboring villages. Separate medical institutions were in large factories. ^[129]

On the Petersburg highway was a pharmacy with an outpatient clinic. She belonged to the Alexander refuge , but residents of the village of All Saints could also use it. ^[72]

In 1898, on the Petersburg highway near the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, a clinic for alcoholics was opened by the doctor A. M. Korovin - one of the first such institutions in Russia. ^[107] There were 20 chambers in the two-story building. ^{[130] The} hospital had its own power station . The terms of treatment were different: 4-6 months for mild cases of alcoholism and 8-14 months for severe cases. ^[131] In 1909, a fire broke out in the hospital, after which Korovin sold it to another doctor. In 1911, it reopened as an All-Sanatorium sanatorium for nervous and internal patients ^[132] with 40 beds.

In 1919, a children's consultation appeared on the outskirts of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky. She occupied a mansion in Lazovsky Lane , adapted for a hospital (the building has survived to this day). Initially, only one doctor worked there, but by 1922 the staff was increased to three pediatricians . ^[133]

By 1884, there were two schools in All Saints: male and female. ^[134] At the beginning of the 20th century , three Zemstvo schools operated in the All Saints. ^[20] Despite this, statistics from 1900 indicate a low literacy rate. Of the 1223 peasants, only 178 were literate or students. This was due to the fact that the educational institutions of the All Saints served mainly not peasants, but third-party residents, who numbered about 400 people. ^[135]

In 1902, a parish school was opened at the All Saints Church ^[136] . ^[137] In 1908, a gymnasium for co-education of boys and girls appeared in Vsehsvyatsky ^[138] . In 1915, the All-Holy Zemstvo Public Library was established ^[139] . The entry of the village into Moscow contributed to the development of education: in the 1930s several comprehensive schools were opened here. ^[140]

The village is mentioned in the last lines of the novel by A. N. Radishchev " Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow " ^[141] :

The story of G. I. Uspensky, “Festivities in the village of Vsesvyatsky,” is associated with the village ^[67] .

Footnotes

Sources

Books

• Alekseeva E. M., Pavlinov P. P., Tserevitinov S. S., Zykov N., Rusakova E., Solyanik N. A. Settlement Sokol: the history of the village and its inhabitants. - M .: Olma-press, 2004 .-- 208 p. - ISBN 5-224-03302-0 .
• Belov A.V. Moscow, Moscow suburbs, suburban settlements in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. - M .: Papyrus PRO, 2005 .-- 182 p. - ISBN 5-901054-28-8 .
• Weintraub L.R., Karpova M. B., Skopin V.V. Temples of the Northern District. - M .: Old Basmannaya, 1997 .-- 272 p. - ISBN 5-8468-0052-1 .
• Demin A.A. Khodynka: from Dmitry Donskoy to the present day. - M. , 1997 .-- 142 p.
• Mikhailov K.P. Scolded fame. - M .: Yauza, Eksmo, 2007 .-- 400 p. - ISBN 978-5-699-21434-1 .
• Moleva N. M. The ancient past of new quarters. - M .: Mosk. worker, 1982.- 224 p.
• Pavlova T.G. Northern edge of Moscow (from ancient times until 1917). - M .: Scientific World, 1999. - 400 p. - ISBN 5-89176-046-0 .
• Puchkov S.V. Moscow City Fraternal Cemetery. - M. , 1915. - 31 p.
• Romanyuk S.K. Moscow behind the Garden Ring. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2007 .-- 895 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-044643-8 .
• Romanyuk S.K. On the lands of Moscow villages and settlements. Part II - M .: Svarog and Co., 1999 .-- 512 p. - ISBN 5-93070-017-6 .
• Tokmakov I.F. Historical, statistical and archaeological description of the village of All Saints of Moscow Province and the county of 1398-1898 . - M. , 1898. - 88 p.
• Tokmakov I.F. Beneficial Pastoral Activities. The priest of the Church of the village of All Saints in Moscow County about. Sergey Nikolaevich Lebedev, founder of the Kurkinsky, All Saints and Nikolo-Butyrsky Sobriety Societies. 1889-1911 gg. - M. , 1912.
• Sokol District: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow / Moscow Sokol Editorial Office. - M .: Business book, 2008. - 256 p.
• History of Moscow districts. Encyclopedia / Ed. Averyanova K.A. - M .: Astrel, 2005 .-- 832 p. - ISBN 5-271-11122-9 .
• Monuments of architecture of Moscow. Neighborhoods of old Moscow (north-western and northern parts of the territory from the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft to the current border of the city). - M .: Art - XXI century, 2004. - ISBN 5-9805101-1-7 .
• Northern District of Moscow / Ed. E. N. Machulsky. - M .: Encyclopedia of Russian villages, 1995 .-- 383 p. - ISBN 5-80367-005-9 .
• Northern District of Moscow. XX century / Ed. E. N. Machulsky. - M .: Encyclopedia of Russian villages, 1997 .-- 735 p. - ISBN 5-88367-019-02.

Articles

• Arseniev A.A., Morozova M.S. Moscow City Brotherly Cemetery // Military Historical Archive : Journal. - 2005. - No. 10 (70) .
• Nikolai Balandinsky. On the initial history of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky // Moscow Journal : Journal. - 1992. - No. 7 .
• Bocharov N.P. Antiquities near Moscow. Vsekhsvyatskoye village // Moscow leaf . - 1890. - No. 211, 213 .
• Moleva N.M. Vsesvyatskoe-Sokol // Issues of history : Journal. - 1980. - No. 7 .
• Leonid Pavlov. Sokol-Vsekhsvyatskoye // Moscow Architecture and Construction: Journal. - 1990. - No. 2,3 .

•   - Community in LiveJournal dedicated to the history of the village of Vsehsvyatsky and the Sokol district
• Elena Lebedeva. Church of All Saints in the village of All Saints (neopr.) . Orthodoxy.Ru . Date of treatment July 12, 2009.
• Peter Lebedev. On the 600th anniversary of the village of All Saints (neopr.) . Prose.ru . Date of treatment July 12, 2009.
• ALL HOLY. In memory of those killed in the First World War