Science city

Technopolises / science cities - scientific and industrial complexes created for the production of new progressive products or for the development of new high technology based on close relations and interaction with universities and scientific and technical centers; large clusters of industrial companies with their scientific and technical divisions. These are special compactly located modern scientific and industrial formations with a developed infrastructure that provides the necessary conditions for work and leisure, for the functioning of the research and educational institutions (organizations) that are part of these entities, as well as their enterprises, companies and firms producing new types of products based on advanced high technology. The basis of the technopolis is its research complex. ^[one]

The creation of technopolises requires the investment of large financial resources. Their value depends on a number of circumstances, including: on the main areas of activity of the technopolis; the size of the area allocated for it; the volume of planned construction work, the quantity and nature of the facilities under construction; the remoteness of the technopolis from the “mother” city and the state of transport and other communications between the technopolis and this city; the estimated number of technopolis firms, as well as their specialization, requiring appropriate technical equipment, etc.

Types of science cities

Five types of technopolises are distinguished depending on the nature and volume of functions performed:

• innovation centers - their purpose is to assist mainly new companies associated with high technology;
• science and research parks, which serve both new and mature companies, maintain close ties with universities or research institutes;
• technology parks ( technology parks ), which have at their disposal a whole network of high-tech firms and industries, but at the same time have not established strong ties with universities or research institutes;
• technology centers - service enterprises created for the development of new high-tech firms. Their main task is to promote small knowledge-based business. The center advises new firms and provides them, during the first three years from the date of creation, financial assistance;
• conglomerates (belts) of technological complexes and science parks, the purpose of which is the transformation of entire regions into high-tech zones.

There are seven main specializations of science cities:

1. aviation , rocket science and space research ;
2. electronics and radio engineering ;
3. automation , machine and instrument making ;
4. chemistry , chemical physics and the creation of new materials;
5. nuclear complex;
6. power engineering ;
7. biology and biotechnology .

The idea of ​​creating technopolises arose in the mid -1950s in the United States. The first technopolises were Silicon Valley in California and Route 128 ( Highway 128 ) in Massachusetts , near Boston ( MIT ).

The development of technopolises in leading countries unfolded, on a large scale, in the second half of the 20th century. Technopolises arose in Western Europe: Milton Keynes and Cambridge in England, Silicone Glen in Scotland , Sophia Antipolis and Meilan-Grenoble in France and others. In the mid-1980s, there were more than 40 large areas of high-tech development in the USA. The "epidemic" of creating technopolises has spread to the countries of Southeast Asia. In South Korea , the Daeduk Technopolis was built ; in China, the Shenzhen and Guangdong Technopolises near Hong Kong. Technopolis construction programs are being implemented in Thailand , Indonesia , the Philippines , and Malaysia .

The creation of technopolises in Japan was especially strong. In 1982, in Japan, the Technopolis project was adopted for implementation, as part of a technopolis policy. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry announced a competition for the creation of technopolises, the winners were 16 prefectures , in which the construction of 19 technopolises, evenly scattered across four Japanese islands, began in 1985 .

Examples:

• Japan: Tsukuba , Hamamatsu , Nagaoka , Yamaguchi ;
• - An innovative zone in the northeastern United States around Harvard and MIT , the forerunner of Silicon Valley ^[2]
• Belarusian high-tech park
• Sophia Antipolis (France)
• Israel Silicon Valley
• Zhongguancun (Z-park, Zhongguancun Science Park) - "China Silicon Valley"
• Cyberjaya is the Malaysian "city of the future" ( See Cyberjaya (Eng.) ) In the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur .
• Technopark Zurich ( Zurich )
• List of technology parks by country

Naukograd in the Russian Federation is a municipality with the status of an urban district ^[3] , or an area of ​​a larger city with high scientific and technical potential, with a city-forming scientific and industrial complex.

A prerequisite for the creation of science cities was the indefinite status of ZATOs since 1991 .

The term science city was introduced for the first time in the city ​​of Zhukovsky in the Moscow Region by Spartak Petrovich Nikanorov and Natalya Konstantinovna Nikitina in 1991 , when the Union of the Development of Science Towns movement was created to develop agreed positions on the most important issues of their life. The movement, on an initiative basis, developed a draft Concept of State Policy for the Preservation and Development of Science Cities. The first versions of the draft law “On the status of the science city of the Russian Federation” ^[4] , developed by one in the Federation Council and the other in the State Duma , appeared in 1995 ^[5] .

In 1996, the Union for the Development of Science Towns movement was recreated in the form of the non-profit partnership The Union for the Development of Science Towns of Russia. Members of the Union are 37 municipalities , moreover, not only official science cities, but also various organizations: ZATOs, enterprises, universities ^[5] .

The Law on Science Towns was adopted on April 7, 1999 . In 2004, amendments were made to the law that established the criteria for assigning the status of a science city to a municipality. In particular, the number of employees in the organizations of the scientific and production complex should be at least 15% of the number of employees in the territory of the municipality. The establishment of the term of this status is the responsibility of the Government of the Russian Federation ^[6] .

Scientists on the status of a science city

Due to the fact that the Law "On the Status of the Science Town of the Russian Federation" on April 7, 1999 N 70-ФЗ provides for state support for science cities, scientists living and working in cities of science cities counted on financing their research activities. They have developed appropriate programs that have undergone various examinations and which are included in the status assignment documents. However, due to the limitations of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, it was difficult to carry out such financing. In reality, the extra money received due to the status of a science city could be used only for urban infrastructure : the development of public utilities, healthcare, etc. ^[7]

Official science cities of the Russian Federation

As of January 5, 2015, 13 urban districts have the status of a science city assigned in accordance with federal law . The status of Peterhof as a science city after 5 years has not been officially renewed ^[8] . Troitsk received the status of a science city, being part of the Moscow region , then confirmed it as part of Moscow .

Science cities under construction in Russia

Among Russian projects claiming the title of technopolis, one can mention Technopolis GS .

Skolkovo

Skolkovo, located in the Moscow Region , in the eastern part of the Odintsovo district , 2 km west of the Moscow Ring Road, is the first scientific and technological innovation center to develop and commercialize new technologies in Russia from the ground up in the post-Soviet era. The project is conceived as one of the key elements of Russian modernization, designed to end the raw material orientation of the economy and transfer it to an innovative path of development, and provides for the creation of an enabling environment for the concentration of Russian and international intellectual capital that can generate innovation.

Work on the creation has been ongoing since 2010 . The completion of the first facilities was scheduled for 2012, and the main construction program was completed in 2015. .

5 areas of Skolkovo work, called clusters, have been developed:

• cluster of biomedical technologies;
• cluster of information and computer technologies;
• cluster of space technologies and telecommunications;
• cluster of energy efficient technologies;
• nuclear technology cluster.

Also, within the framework of Skolkovo, a technopark will function ^[31] . Its strategic goal is to provide the innovative participating companies with all the necessary support for the successful development of their technological assets and corporate structures. The technopark plans to realize this task by attracting infrastructure and resources available to the Skolkovo project and its partners.

To optimize interaction with companies, collective use centers will be organized - multidisciplinary laboratories and production workshops located on the territory of the innovation city.

Innopolis

In Tatarstan , on the right bank of the Volga River opposite Kazan , on the territory of its metropolitan area and the Verkhneuslonsky district of the republic , since 2012, the second innovative science city Innopolis, an analogue partner of the Moscow Region Skolkovo and the city , has been under construction to develop IT and other technologies satellite of Kazan. It is designed for 155 thousand inhabitants.

Union for the Development of Russian Science

The purpose of the non-profit partnership “Union for the Development of Russian Science Cities” ^[32] is to promote the unification of efforts of local government bodies of cities with a high concentration of intellectual and scientific and technical potential - science cities and academic towns , scientific, educational, industrial and other organizations and enterprises, scientists and specialists to provide sustainable development of these cities and settlements, the formation and implementation of their role as points of growth of the Russian economy at local, regional and federal leveling on the basis of science, education and high technology, promoting the expansion of civilized integration processes of Russia with the countries of near and far abroad.

• Technopark
• Akademgorodok
• National Project - Science

• Kulkin A.M. Science and technology parks, technopolises and regions of science - M.: INION, 2005. - 148 p. - Bibliography: p. 145-146. - ISBN 5-248-00205-2
• Lukyanchikov G., Schukin A. From technology parks - to the cities of science // Expert : journal. - M. , December 6, 2010. - No. 48 .

• Technopolises and technology parks // grandars.ru
• Technopolis // investicii-innovacii.ru
• The study "On the state policy on science cities and the directions of its development"
• Features of the formation of science cities of Russia // Demoscope Weekly , Feb 2005
•   Science cities of Russia Google Maps KMZ ( KMZ tag file for Google Earth )