The 24 Years Alliance ( Jap. 24 組 組 Niju: Yong Nen Gumi ) is a Japanese group of female manga authors who formed in the 1970s . The group was named so because many of its representatives were born in the 24th year of the Sow period ( 1949 ). [1] They became famous for their work in the field of manga for girls - the shojo , in which they created a large number of works that are currently considered classical. [2] These mangaki made dramatic changes to the shojo manga [3] and were the first in their work to raise acute problems and philosophical issues, including issues of sexuality and gender equality . [four]
The “Union of 24 years” contributed to the emergence of many genres of shojo manga [5] , the members of the group also managed to attract the manga industry, which until then remained the prerogative of men, women authors. [6] Manga for girls and young women has since been drawn by women. [7] [8]
Composition
The exact number of group members has not been established. The original composition, also called the “ Flower Union of 24 years ” ( я の 24 年 組 hana no niju: yong nen gumi ) , included: [1] [9]
- Yasuko Aoike
- Moto Hagio
- Riyoko Ikeda
- Yumiko Oshima
- Keiko Takemia
- Toshie Kihara
- Ryoko Yamagishi
- Minori Kimura
- Nanae Sasaya
- Mineko Yamada
Subsequently, the “ Post-Union of 24 years ” also appeared ( Japanese ポ ス ト 24 年 組 posuto niju: yong nen gumi ) , which included Wakako Mizuki , Miti Tarasawa , Aiko Ito , Yasuko Sakata , Sio Sato and Yukiko Kai .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Thorne, Matt . Shôjo Manga — Something for the Girls // The Japan Quarterly. - 2002. - T. 48 , No. 3 .
- ↑ Suzuki, Kazuko . Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World // Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon. - London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996 .-- S. 247. - ISBN 0847691365 .
- ↑ Thorne, Matt. Introduction // Four Shôjo Stories. - San Francisco: Viz Communications, 1996. - ISBN 1-56931-055-6 .
- ↑ ( PDF ) Kang, Satoko. “Kawaii” - The Keyword of Japanese Girls' Culture― // 「対 話 と 深化」 の 次世代 女性 リ ー ダ ー の 育成 育成: 「魅力 あ る 大 学院 教育」 イ ニ シ ア テ ィ ブ . - Ochanomizu University Web Library Institutional Repository, March 10, 2007. - T. 18 . - S. 200-202 . Archived July 18, 2011.
- ↑ Toku, Masami. The Power of Girls' Comics: The Value and Contribution to Visual Culture and Society . The report read at the conference "Children's visual culture . " University of Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania State University), November 11-13, 2004; Online Publishing: California State University, Chico. Date of treatment July 10, 2009. Archived March 28, 2012.
- ↑ Gravett, Paul . Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. - NY: Harper Design, 2004 .-- S. 8. - ISBN 1-85669-391-0 .
- ↑ Shodt, Frederick . Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. - Tokyo: Kodansha, 1986. - ISBN 978-0870117527 .
- ↑ Toku, Masami. Shojo Manga: Girl Power! Japanese girls' comics exhibit launched from Chico (inaccessible link) . California State University, Chico (2006). Date of treatment July 10, 2009. Archived April 11, 2008.
- ↑ Thorne, Matt. A History of Manga // Animerica: Anime & Manga Monthly . - T. 4 , No. 2,4,6 .