Pyatnitsky cemetery (Moscow)

Pyatnitsky cemetery is located in the northern part of Moscow, not far from Prospekt Mira , where immediately after the Krestovsky overpass to the right a short lane leaves, ending with a three-tier bell tower. Since 1922, the lane is called Droboliteyny, before the renaming was called Cemetery.

Temple of the Trinity

Pyatnitsky cemetery is one of nine founded after the plague riot of 1771 by decree of Catherine II of March 24, 1771 ^[1] . The decree also prescribed “to build at least small wooden churches for the first time in these cemeteries”. Initially, a wooden church was built along the Trinity Road “ beyond the Cross ”, which was consecrated on December 23, 1772 in the name of Rev. Paraskeva of Serbia ^[2] . From 1815 to 1845 the rector of the church was Father Fyodor Semenovich Protopopov ( 1792 - 1845 ) ^[2] . It was thanks to him that in 1830 a stone church was laid on the site of a wooden church, which was consecrated in 1835 and named in honor of the Life-Giving Trinity . The name of the cemetery comes from the chapel of Paraskeva Friday (in the church the main throne of the Trinity and two chapels: the Monk Paraskeva and the Monk Sergius ). The author of the new church was the architect A. G. Grigoriev , the creator of the architectural complex at the Vagankovsky cemetery . Father Fedor also initiated other improvements in the cemetery. A memorial plaque has been preserved on the side wall of the church, stating that “ here lies the remains of this cemetery of the priest Fyodor Simeonovich Protopopov, with the scrutiny of which this temple was built and all other improvements to the cemetery were made ” and that “he blessed 30 years .”

In addition to the Trinity Church in the cemetery is the church of St. Simeon of Persia ( 1915 , architect N. N. Blagoveshchensky ). The church was erected at the expense of the Moscow merchant S. S. Zaitsev in memory of his father, who was buried here ^[2] . As the statements wrote then, in July 1917, bells weighing about one hundred pounds were raised to the bell tower, which were also donated by S. S. Zaitsev ^[3] . In Soviet times, crosses and bells were removed from the chapel, and the church premises for a long time served as a warehouse for cemetery equipment. In 1990, the crosses were returned to their places. An administrative building is equipped on the ground floor of the temple, and a chapel is equipped on the second ^[2] . The updated chapel was consecrated by Patriarch Alexy II on October 27, 2000 ^[4] .

To the south of the main territory of the graveyard, near the lobby of the Moscow metro station “ Riga ”, there was a separate section, indicated on the “Topographic Map of the Circumference of Moscow”, compiled in 1818-1823 by officers of the Quartermaster Unit of the Military Topographic Depot, as a “sea graveyard”. Apparently, it was intended for the burial of citizens who died during epidemics. Currently, the Nikolaev dead end and the buildings of the Museum of the History of Railway Engineering of the Moscow Railway are located on the site of this section.

In the XIX and early XX centuries Pyatnitsky cemetery was mainly merchants. The tombstones usual for that time in the form of chapels made of black marble can be seen both in the central part of the cemetery, not far from the temples, and in remote areas. Merchant tombstones amaze with their typicality and asceticism: there is no place for crying angels, rich flowerpots and statues. The inscriptions on the monuments give only scanty statistical information about the buried, sometimes supplemented by biblical quotes.

“ The body of the Moscow merchant Alexei Fyodorovich Frolov, born on February 11, 1827 at 4 a.m., who died on January 21, 1896 at 4 a.m., was buried under this stone. His life was 68 years, 11 months and 11 days. "

“ Here lies the body of Semyon Andreevich Andreev, who died on September 20, 1878 at 8½ in the evening on the 49th year of his life. Day of his angel February 13

“ Moscow merchant wife Avdotya Mikhailovna Kudryavtseva. Her life was 74 years 3 months and 22 days. Died June 22, 1896

Historian Yu. Ryabinin, author of the monograph Life of Moscow Cemeteries. History and the present, ”believes that such formalism in gravestone inscriptions very eloquently“ characterized the late businessman and his family better than any epitaph and any obituary ” ^[5] .

• In the central part of the cemetery to the left of the entrance you can see a tall black marble obelisk, towering above all other graves ^[6] . On the base of the stele is carved:

Here buried the head of communications engineer Boris Alekseevich Verkhovskago, who was executed by Chinese boxers in Manchuria in the city of Liao Yang in July 1900. The remains were brought to Russia in 1901.

• Not far from the entrance to the cemetery is a crypt-chapel above the grave of the Smirnov family, well-known producers of wine and vodka products (architect G. A. Gelfreikh ). The grave of the founder of the Smirnoff vodka empire, Peter Arsenievich Smirnov ( 1831 - 1898 ), was not preserved, but a memorial plaque to the “vodka king” was installed on the wall of the office building ^[5] . Pyotr Smirnov was remembered by descendants as a vodka brand, and charitable and social activities are hardly remembered. Thanks to his donations, many shelters, hospitals, and educational institutions functioned.

• From the Trinity Church begins the main alley of the cemetery. On the left side an unusual monument attracts attention - a large head made of white granite against the background of a “banner” of black marble. This is the grave of the famous Soviet poet Boris Slutsky ( 1919 - 1986 ), the author of many wonderful poems about the war and the notorious speech against Pasternak at the Congress of the Writers' Union . Slutsky is buried next to his wife Tatyana, who died in 1977. The poet’s friends consider the day of Tatyana Dashevskaya’s death to be the day of his “first death”. Until the end of his life, Slutsky never recovered from the loss ^[7] .
• Near the temple of Simeon of Persia, a wrought-iron chapel was erected, where the remains of the Moscow commander in chief Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin ( 1763 - 1826 ) rest. Rostopchin became famous in the Patriotic War of 1812 , he led the evacuation of Moscow, a number of historians blame it on a fire in Moscow . To his right is the tombstone of his daughter Natalya Fedorovna Naryshkina, to the left is the son of Sergei Fedorovich and his wife, the famous poetess E.P. Rostopchina ( 1811 - 1858 ).
• The famous Moscow priest, father Georgy Chistyakov , philologist and historian, priest of the temple of Cosmas and Damian, a follower of the ideas of Father Alexander Me, is also buried near the temple. A beautiful monument was erected on the grave of Father George by the forces of the parishioners of his temple: a white marble slab, in the center of which a cross is carved.
• In 1951, Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna Obolenskaya , a descendant of the Decembrist Evgeny Petrovich Obolensky , a well-known surgeon, was buried at the memorial site near the grave of T.N. Granovsky . She worked at the Sklifosovsky Institute . In the case of doctors, she passed as a witness in 1951. She refused to testify against the famous scientist - the director of the institute, Sergey Sergeyevich Yudin . After interrogation in the Lubyanka, she died at age 45 ^[8] .

Military

• At the entrance to the cemetery there is a mass grave of 25 soldiers who fell in battle in 1941-1945.
• Heroes of the Soviet Union : A. M. Ozhogin , A. V. Kurin , K. A. Novikov , A. D. Pavlov , P. I. Kolesnik , P. I. Ilyin , L. Sh. Davydov , A. I. Ostavnov , G.S. Razmadze , P.I. Shutov . I. L. Grigoriev, A. A. Kolesov, V. S. Levchenko, K. A. Novikov, D. I. Pavlov, V. K. Sudakov.
• A. B. Aslanbegov ( 1822 - 1900 ), Russian vice admiral, fleet historian, full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.
• R. A. Chichagov ( 1784 - 1851 ), major general, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Decembrists

• I. D. Yakushkin ( 1795 - 1857 ) - a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 , after which, together with other young officers (A. Muravyov, S. Trubetskoy, S. and M. Muravyov-Apostles] founded the first secret society “Union of Salvation” , was sentenced to death, spent 32 years in hard labor and in Siberian exile, left interesting memories of the Decembrists' movement.
• N.V. Basargin ( 1799 - 1861 ) - a member of the Union of Welfare and the Southern Society, sentenced to 20 years in hard labor. They were in exile together, they lived as a single family: “Everything was almost common, everyone’s joy and sorrow was shared by everyone - in a word, it was some kind of brotherhood - a moral and spiritual union,” Basargin recalled that the Decembrists colony was in exile, where they opened the first school for girls in Siberia and taught in it, planted a birch grove, which today is called the “Decembrist Grove”.
• S. E. Raich ( 1792 - 1855 ) - a simple mound with a small modest white plate, on which is indicated: "Decembrist, poet, teacher Lermontov." The members of the literary "Raich's Circle" were M. A. Dmitriev, A. I. Pisarev, V. I. Obolensky, M. P. Pogodin, and K. F. Ryleev. S. E. Raich was a teacher of M. Yu. Lermontov and F. I. Tyutchev .
• R.V. Lyubimov ( 1784 - 1838 ) - colonel of the Tarutino regiment.
• D.P. Artamonov ( 1791 - 1842 ) - on his tombstone is written "the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 , a descendant of Dmitry Pozharsky , savior of the Fatherland in 1612."

Scientists

• V.P. Alekseev ( 1929 - 1991 ), anthropologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences
• T. I. Alekseeva ( 1928 - 2007 ), anthropologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• T.N. Granovsky ( 1813 - 1855 ), historian, professor of Moscow University 1855
• G. N. Gabrichevsky ( 1860 - 1907 ) - one of the founders of Russian microbiology.
• V. I. Gerrier ( 1837 - 1919 ) - Founder of the Higher Women's Courses, professor at Moscow University.
• I.N. Gorozhankin ( 1848 - 1904 ) - Russian botanist.
• E. D. Kvitnitskaya ( 1919 - 1981 ) - architectural historian.
• A. I. Nekrasov ( 1883 - 1957 ) - scientist in the field of mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• K. A. Petrov ( 1917 - 1961 ) - physicist, laureate of the USSR State Prize.
• V.E. Postnikov ( 1844 - 1908 ) - Russian statistician, writer and agronomist.
• D. P. Syreishchikov ( 1868 - 1932 ) - a famous Russian botanist, a specialist in the flora of Central Russia, the author of the fundamental four-volume codebook “Illustrated Flora of the Moscow Province”.
• V.N. Toporov ( 1928 - 2005 ) - major philologist, literary critic, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Department of Literature and Language), laureate of the USSR State Prize.
• A. L. Chizhevsky ( 1897 - 1964 ) - professor-biophysicist, founder of heliobiology . Known as the author and inventor of the Chizhevsky chandelier - a household air ionizer .
• R. N. Kvitnitsky ( 1912 - 1991 ) - builder , scientist in the field of building structures, teacher , veteran and disabled person of the Great Patriotic War .

Writers

• A.N. Afanasyev (1826-1871) - folklorist-storyteller, Russian historian and literary critic.
• R. A. Kudasheva (1878-1964) - poet, author of poems for the famous " A Christmas tree was born in the forest " ^[9] .
• B. A. Slutsky (1919-1986) - Russian, Soviet poet, translator.
• I. Z. Surikov (1841-1880) - a peasant nugget poet, author of verses to famous feast songs: “Steppe and steppe all around ...”, “What are you making noise, swinging, thin mountain ash ...”, “Here is my village, here is my house native…".
• R. I. Fraerman (1891-1972) - Soviet children's writer, author of the novel "The Wild Dog Dingo, or the Story of First Love".

Artists

• Schepkin Mikhail Semenovich ( 1788 - 1863 ), a great Russian actor born in a serf family, redeemed by will by subscription in 1822 . He laid the foundations of the Russian acting school.
• Sadovsky Prov Mikhailovich (senior) ( 1818 - 1872 ), founder of the dynasty of artists of the Maly Theater, student of S. S. Shchepkin , participated in the first productions of all plays by A. N. Ostrovsky in the Maly Theater. The well-known artistic dynasty of Sadovsky - in an extensive fence of 6 graves.
• Schubert-Yanovskaya Alexandra Ivanovna (1827-1909), actress, sister of the writer Nikolai Ivanovich Kulikov . Schubert was a student of Shchepkin M.S. , played in the Alexandrinsky Theater , in the Maly , Odessa and other theaters.
• Kvitnitskaya Ksenia Mikhailovna - actress, singer. Kvitnitskaya was a student of Umberto Mazetti , sang romances, opera classics on the stage, played in the theater Blue Blouse . Died in 1956
• Averin, Yuri Ivanovich ( 1922 - 1990 ) - actor, People's Artist of the RSFSR. Creator of the first vivid image of Muller in Soviet cinema (the film "The Fate of Man" )
• Arkhangelskaya Valetina Dmitrievna ( 1919 - 1999 ) - actress, wife of Yuri Averin ^[10] , the first wife of Alexander Galich .
• Vilkina Natalia Mikhailovna ( 1945 - 1991 ) - Honored Artist of Russia.
• Doroshina Nina Mikhailovna ( 1934 - 2018 ) - People's Artist of the RSFSR.
• Egorova Henrietta Alexandrovna ( 1931 - 2007 ) - actress of the Maly Theater , Honored Artist of Russia .
• Kubatsky Anatoly Lvovich ( 1908 - 2001 ) - actor.
• Vysotskaya Olga Sergeevna ( 1905 - 2000 ) - People's Artist of the USSR, announcer of the All-Union Radio. During the Great Patriotic War, together with Levitan, Yuri Borisovich transmitted the most important messages.
• Simonova Faina Vasilievna ( 1951 - 2008 ) - Honored Artist of Russia, trainer of the State Company Russian Circus.
• Solus Oleg Pavlovich (1915-1976) - Soviet actor, Honored Artist of the RSFSR, Honored Artist of the Tajik SSR.
• Tkacheva Natalia Vladimirovna (1916-2004) - Honored Artist of the RSFSR, actress of the Mossovet Theater .
• Ivanova Lyudmila Ivanovna (1933-2016) - Soviet theater and film actress, bard, songwriter, People's Artist of the RSFSR.

Musicians

• V.V. Kataev ( 1925 - 1999 ) - conductor.
• VV Selivokhin (1946–2015) - pianist, People's Artist of Russia, professor, laureate of the International Competition named after F. Busoni (first prize, 1968).
• Ivan Smirnov (1955–2018) - composer, guitarist who performed music in the ethno - fusion genre.
• Tolmatsky Kirill Alexandrovich (1983—2019) - Russian rap artist, better known by the stage name Decl.

Artists

• M. K. Sokolov ( 1885 - 1947 ) - an artist repressed in 1938 ^[11] .
• F. G. Toropov ( 1821 - 1898 ) - academician of painting, known in the second half of the XIX century for his portraits and still lifes ^[12] .
• P. A. Krivonogov ( 1911 - 1967 ) (plot No. 11).

Athletes

• Vasily Pavlov ( 1907 - 1977 ) - Soviet football player of the Dynamo club (Moscow) and the USSR national team, champion of the USSR in 1936 (spring).
• Igor Pashkevich ( 1971 - 2016 ) - Soviet, Russian and Azerbaijani figure skater, 1996 European vice-champion, 1990 world junior champion.
• Heinrich Schulz ( 1929 - 1999 ) - Soviet sambo wrestler and judo fighter, European judo champion in 1963.

Statesmen

• V. S. Pavlov ( 1937 - 2003 ) - the last prime minister of the USSR.

Others

• Yu. V. Klapovsky ( 1936 - 2006 ) - Executive Director of OJSC "Red October" , one of the leaders of the holding " United Confectioners " ^[13]
• V.M. Fedotov ( 1913 - 1993 ) - a rear worker.
• G.P. Yakunin (1934-2014) - religious, social and political figure.
• P. M. Stroyev (1796-1876) - Russian historian, archaeographer and bibliographer.

• Palamarchuk P.G. Forty forties: Moscow within 1917. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Astrel , 2004 .-- T. 3 .-- 694 p. - 10,100 copies. - ISBN 5-17-026209-4 .
• Ryabinin Yu. Life of Moscow cemeteries. History and modernity. - M .: Ripol Classic, 2006 .-- 480 p. - ISBN 5-7905-4845-8 .
• Saitov V.I., Modzalevsky B.L. Moscow necropolis. - Printing house of M. M. Stasyulevich, 1907.