Manguts

Based on the data of The Secret Legend (The Secret History of the Mongols) and Altan Debter (The Golden Book), the official history, excerpts from which Rashid ad-Din cites, one can trace the history of the emergence of manguts from the Mongolian clan Borjigin.

From Bodonchar, who was born, according to the Mongolian historian H. Perlee ^[2] , in 970, the family vault Altan Urug , the Golden Tree, which gave the Mongols and the whole world Genghis Khan, is carried out.

• The sons of Bodonchar were Khabichi-Baatur ^[3] (he was named Buka by Rashid ad-Din ^[4] ) and Baaridai, who gave rise to the Baarin clan, in which the associate of Genghis Khan Khorchi was born. From Jadaraday, the adopted son of Bodonchar, the clan Jadaran went. From this genus came Jamuha , a twin ( anda ) and a rival of Temujin. From the other adopted son of Zhouredai (Buktai) comes the genus Zhoureid.
• From Habichi-Baatur, Manen-Tudun (Dutum-Manen) was born.

Manen-Tudun had seven sons: Khachi-Khuleg ( Khachi-Kuluk ), Khachin, Khachiu, Khachul, Khachiun, Harandai and Nachin-Baatur.

• The son of Hachi-Kuluk was Hajdu (U Rashid ad-Din Hajdu was called the son of Dutum-Manen ^[5] ) from whom Genghis Khan descended.
• The son of Khachin was Noyagidai, the Noyakin clan came from him.
• The son of Hachiu is Barulatai, from him, as well as the sons of Khachula Eke-Barula and Uchugan-Barula, the clan Barulas went.
• The sons of Nachin-Baatur were Uruudai and Mangutai, the founders of the clans Uruud and Mangud .

CONFIDENTIAL STORY. The chapter "MONGOL ORDINARY ELECTOR". Section I. "PEDIGREE AND CHILDHOOD OF THE TEMUZHIN (CHINGISA)". Paragraph § 46 ^[6] .

The son of Hachi-Kuluk, Hajdu, was maternally descended from Namoluna. Khachinov’s son was given the name Noyagidai. Due to his extreme swagger (noyansiy aburity) and his family, Noyakin began to be nicknamed. The son of Hachiu was called Barulatai. He was great in height and much before eating. His family was called Barulas. The sons of Khachula also formed the clan of Barulas, and due to the greed of both brothers, the clan nicknames Eke-Barula and Uchugan-Barula went to food, and from here the clan divisions of the Barulases went: Erdemtu Barulas, Todoen-Barulas and others. The children of Harandai became the ancestors of the tribe Budaad-kashnikov, who was named so for the reason that they, like mixed porridge, had neither an older nor a head. Khachiun had a son named Adarkidai. He became the ancestor of the tribe, nicknamed Adarkin-sluggish because of the strife that he wound up between the brothers. The sons of Nachin-Baatur were nicknamed Uruudai and Mangutai . From them went the tribes of Uruud and Mangud . At Nachin-Baatur, Shichzhuudai and Doholodai were born from their first, oldest wife.

In the XII century, the Mangut tribe settled between the Borjigins who wandered along the Onon, and closely adjacent to the Transbaikal Mongols - the Barguts . Some data indicate the kinship of the Manguts, Barlas , Arlat , Bahrin- Lingut, Urnaut, Yisut , Konkotan , Sunites , Carcasses, Iljits and Uruts .

In the composition of the manguts, the following branches are mentioned: oimangut (forest manguts), usutu mangut (river manguts) ^[7] .

According to other Mongolian ethnographic traditions ^[8] , the mangut tribe belonged to the ancient Mongol phratry of the Niruns . According to one source, Mangudai was considered to be his ancestor - the sixth generation descendant of the foremother Alan-goa, and according to others - to Jax from the seventh generation from Alan-goa ^[9] . At the end of the 12th – beginning of the 13th centuries, one of the Mangut leaders Khuildar-sechen was the twin (Anda) of Genghis Khan and commanded him advanced units, “at all times ... acted alongside Genghis Khan and rendered him a lot of assistance” ^[10] . After the death of Huildar, in accordance with his still lifetime request, Genghis Khan took care of his family ^[11] . The Manguts, led by the son of Huildar Munke-Kaldzh, were in the left wing of the Mongol army, fought in China and Iran. Another associate of Genghis Khan came from the Manguts - Jadei , who later served with Genghis's son Tolui ^[12] .

As the empire was formed, the manguts settled in different uluses. Some of their units migrated to Desht-i Kipchak, where they united under the name Mangyts, part of the local Kipchaks and, possibly, Guz. Sources of the 15th century find the Mangits in the interfluve of Yaik and Emba completely Turkized. The area of ​​their initial nomadism in the lands of the Juchids is unknown. However, judging by the news of their moving beyond the reach of Timur’s army at the end of the 14th century ^[13] , before that they lived somewhere southeast.

The leaders of the Manguts received the rank of Beklyaribek (the chief military leader and commander of the wing) under the khans of the left wing of the Dzhuchiev ulus, which can be explained by the tradition that came from the twin cities of Genghis Khan and Huildar . This post was occupied by the emir Baltychak , his son Edigei and the descendants of Edigei through his son Hyp ad-Din until the beginning of the 16th century. Around 1447, Wackas b. Hyp ad-Din, Beklaribek Abulkhayr , actually separated from the khanate of the left wing, turning the yurt into an independent political entity ^[14] . In the second half of the 15th century, the influence and power of the Mangutian beclarbeks (biys) intensified so much that they began to have a decisive word in choosing a candidate for the khan in the Sheibanid state . Under Bie Said-Ahmed (reigned in 1520–1548 ), his dominion finally turned into an independent Khanate - the so-called Nogai Horde ^[8] .

The status of the head of the Manguts required appropriate terminological design. However, the Mongol-Juchid state tradition had a very undeveloped title. The title of beclaribek formally was a designation of the rank of senior military commander under the khan and did not reflect the real role that Edyge and then his successors played in the second half of the XV-XVI centuries. Not being Genghisides, the Mangut leaders did not dare to use one of the monarchist or dynastic titles (khan, sultan, etc.). In these conditions, another way was chosen: to use as a substitute for the title the name of the first Jochid Beklaribek Nogai, who was actually the co-ruler of the khans at the end of the 13th century. According to some reports, Edyge also used the Turkic translation of the name “Nogai” (“Dog”) of the quotes, and, in addition, the name of another powerful beclaribek of the co-ruler of the Golden Horde - Mamaia ^{[8] [15]} .

The immediate heirs of Edyge did not have much power and influence, so the use of the newly invented title nickname for some time became irrelevant. However, after the death of Khan Abulkhair (1468), amid the weakening of central authority, the disintegration of the nomadic Uzbek state and the strengthening of the Mangyt nobility, the descendants of Edyge restored the use of the term “Nogai”. But now he began to relate not only to the biy, but to all his subjects. In this case, the concept of “Nogai” did not mean, firstly, the historical Nogai, who had never been nomadic in East Desht-i Kypchak , but Beklyaribek Yedyge, who wore the title nickname “Nogai”, “Quiche. Secondly, the word “nogai” began to serve as a designation not only for the Mangits, but also for the rest of the state’s population, regardless of tribal affiliation. Mangyts, Kungrats , Naimans , Turkmens and others, who roamed in the territory of Yurt , judged according to sources, with their tribes (“kinship”), but at the same time they were also kicking. Thus, the word “nogai” at that time (the last third of the 15th — first quarter of the 16th century) served not as an ethnonym, but as a “state name”, that is, as a sign of belonging to the Nogai state ^[8] .

Later, during the mutual assimilation of the Nogai Horde tribes, it turned into the common ethnic name of the people of this state. After the collapse of the Nogai Horde, those inhabitants who moved west have retained the ethnonym Nogai (to the present in the North Caucasus). Those who remained behind Yaik became part of the Kazakh Younger Zhuz (and later joined the Kazakh ethnic group ), as well as a number of Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Siberia ^[8] . The descendants of the Manguts are Nogais and Karakalpaks .

The penetration and spread of manguts in Central Asia is associated with the Mongol invasion. As a result of the campaigns of Genghis Khan and his descendants, as well as migration processes in the 13th – 16th centuries, the Mangyts and clans that took their name spread over a vast territory, from the Dnieper River in the west to Inner Mongolia and Buryatia in the east, from the upper Volga Region in the north and to northern Afghanistan in the south. Genus mangut took part in Batu’s campaign in Russia . One of the first mentions of manguts in written sources is found in the XII century.

However, it was noted that the Mongol conquerors found here a local, indigenous, large Turkic-speaking nomadic and settled population. The Mongols allocated to the sons of Genghis Khan, as well as those who arrived there later, were scattered among the masses of conquered Turkic tribes and clans. The dominant role of the Mongol clans determined the prestige of their self-name, which was accepted by subordinate tribes.

It is assumed that after the campaigns of Genghis Khan a small part of the Mongol-Manguts penetrated into the Central Asian steppes, who, being surrounded by some group of Kipchak tribes, were assimilated, but gave them their name. Probably, these initially few tribes adopted the language and culture of the eastern Kipchaks and disappeared among them. Those Kipchak nomadic communities that settled on the territory allotted to the yurt (space for nomadism) to the tribes, such as the Manguts, Khongirats, Kereits, and others, took their name according to the steppe custom ^[16] . From East Kazakhstan, the Mangits, probably in the 13th century, penetrated into the Central Asian interfluve. According to the legends of the Nogai - descendants of the Manguts, their ancestors used to live in Bukharia and were called Uzbeks. Around the 1350s-1360s, a significant part of the manguts returned to the Dashti-Kipchak steppe. Later they began to be called kicking ^[8] . The emir of the Manguts in the XIV century was Edigheus . According to the author of the first half of the 16th century, ibn Ruzbekhan, three tribes were attributed to the Uzbeks, among whom he mentions the Manguts ^[17] .

Part of the Manguts mixed with the Turkic-speaking peoples is called “Mangits” ( Uzbek. Mang'it ).

The Mangyts in the Karakalpaks were divided into 19 genera, divided into four groups: 1. Karatai, which consisted of the genera: Kara-Mangyt, Kara-Sirak, Ak-Mangyt, Mamykshi, Kosar, Kylkaly; 2. Sary-tai, consisting of childbirth: arshan, jeanlyk, tok-mangyt, arsars, taz-zhalyk, shuyit, zhamansha, esebi, tamgaly, tong-moyyn, temir-hoja; 3. boz tai; 4. Jet-Thai ^[18] .

In Mongolia, manguts (mangud, magniud) now live in somons Delgereh, Mandakh, Ulaanbadrah, Khөvsgөl, Khatanbulag, Erdene East Gobi aimag ; somon Erdenedalai, Saikhan-Ovoo, Delgerkhangai, Huld, Luus, Өlziyt, Deren, өndөrshil of the Middle Gobi aimak , somonov Bulgan, Mandal-Ovoo, Tsogt-Ovoo, Hanhongor, Bayan-Ovooogomod, Nomgon, somone Tүmentzogt of Sүkhbaatar aymak ; somonah Orkhon, Saikhan, Bayangol, Mandal of the Selenga aimak ; somonahs Jargalant, Bornuur, Bayanchandman, Bayanzagaan, Bayanzhargalan, Bayan of the Central aimak ^[19] .

Carriers of the following family names live in Mongolia: Manguud, Mangud, Mangut, Manguudai, Manguut, Magniud, Magniut, Mangiud, Mangad, Mangadai, Mangat, Monguud ^[20] .

The Manguts (the genus Manggood) live as part of the southern (uver) Mongols in the territory of Inner Mongolia ^{[21] [22]} .

One of the main generations of the Terte clan that joined the Honghodors as part of the Zakamenian Buryats is named Mangadai. In this name, according to B.Z. Nanzatov, a connection with the ethnonym "mangud" is traced ^[23] . The Buryat modern surnames of Mangutov, Mangatayev, Mangadkhanov are also associated with the ethnonym mangut ^[7] .

Manguts (mangad, mangyd) are noted in the Kalmyks . The Kalmyks include labor: mangad, hara mangad, ishtig mangad ^[24] (ishtyk-mangut) ^[25] , toga uga mangad ^[26] , mangad-shebenera: Ulyn mangad, Khuuchin Byurin mangad ^[24] .

The Uzbek amirs from the Mangyt tribe created their dynasty of the rulers of Bukhara (1756-1920), which replaced the Ashtarkhanid dynasty . ^{[27] [28]}

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Mangits as part of the Uzbek people were the most powerful and numerous tribe in the Bukhara oasis. Their total number was 99,200 people, and there were more than 52 thousand of them in Bukhara and Gijduvan counties ^[29] .

As part of the Kazakh tribe of Congrata , inside the Mangytai there is a subgenus Mangyt.

2 representatives of the Mangut tribe from Western Mongolia were tested for haplogroup N1c of the Y chromosome DNA ^[30] .

One turned out to be representative of haplogroup N1c .

Another turned out not to belong to the haplogroup N1c .

• Mankyd dynasty // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Manguts and Kipchaks, Part 1 (inaccessible link)
• Turkism as a Historical Phenomenon - Introduction