Bulgarian languages

Current data on the genesis of the Bulgarian languages ​​are based on phono-morphostatistical ( O. A. Mudrak ^[2] ) and lexicostatistical ( A. V. Dybo ^[3] ) classification of languages.

A survey of two sets of calendars and the establishment of a relative chronology of the genealogical trees of the Turkic languages ​​based on lexico-statistical data, conducted by A.V. Dybo , showed that the beginning of the disintegration of the Praturk language is associated with the separation of the Chuvash from other languages, usually defined as the separation of the Bulgarian group. On both family trees, the corresponding first node dates from about −30 - 0 years. BC e. A. V. Dybo connects this date with the migration of part of the Huns from Western Mongolia to the west, through northern Xinjiang to Southern Kazakhstan , to Syr Darya in 56 BC. e.

The first node of both our family trees is the separation of Chuvash from other languages, usually defined as the separation of the Bulgarian group.

- Dybo, AB Chronology of Turkic languages ​​and linguistic contacts of the early Turks. - M.: Academy, 2004 .-- S. 766.

The Bulgarian group includes languages:

• Khazar †
• Bulgarian †,
• Hun - Hun (according to one of the points of view) ^{[4] [5] [6]} †,
• Turkic-Avar (according to one point of view) †.
• Chuvash , the modern form of the Volga-Bulgarian and the only ^[7] living language is the representative of this group.

The phonetic features of the Bulgarian group include the following:

• maintaining the differences between long and short vowels;
• original vocalism;
• softening in a number of positions the sounds s and t (in modern Chuvash hissing reflexes);
• rotacism - change of Praturk ŕ to r ( rotacism );
• Lambdaism - the change of Praturk ł in l in the closed syllable and in š in the open - in modern Chuvash, a significant number of etymological doublets are preserved ( lambdaism );
• preservation of the contrast between ŕs and ŕ and łč and ł - in the remaining Turkic ŕs it coincides with ŕ, and łč with ł.
• the implementation depending on the position of the Praturkic -d- in the form -j- (in modern Chuvash it is preserved, merges with vowels or goes into -v-) or -z-, possibly also -d- (probably in Khazar); change -z-> -r- ( second rotacism ) later;
• the presence of a solid vowel, unique non-labialized back row sound, in Chuvash this sound is denoted by the letter “ӑ”, and in the Bulgarian language of the Danube Bulgarians by the letter “» ”.

The following phonetic processes also took place in modern Chuvash: coincidence of i, ɨ and ü, stiffening of a in the first syllable (in Malokarachinsky reflex a is opposed to reflexes of primordial labial), stunning of initial voiced, voicing of weak deafs, change q> x (the latter was already observed in Volga -Kama).

Grammar features:

• the absence of the ending -lar in the plural - in modern Chuvash the ending -sem is used (in dialects -sam );
• coincidence of the dative and accusative cases;
• the most consistent distinction between vowels, including reduced ə, and consonants, with limited use of the possessiveness indicator -sɨ;
• indicators of possessiveness preceding numerical.
• possessive affix may be absent ^[8] .

• Bulgarian rotacism
• Bulgarian Lambdaism

• N. N. Poppe. About the relationship between the Chuvash and Turkic-Tatar languages. - Cheboksary, 1925.