Gregory IX ( lat. Gregorius PP. IX , in the world - Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , Italian. Ugolino dei Conti di Segni ; circa 1145 - August 22, 1241 ) - Pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241 , founder of the Inquisition and champion of the Crusades in Russia.
| Gregory IX | |||
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| lat Gregorius PP. Ix | |||
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| March 19, 1227 - August 22, 1241 | |||
| Church | Roman catholic church | ||
| Predecessor | Honorius III | ||
| Successor | Celestine IV | ||
| Birth name | Ugolino dei Conti de Segni | ||
| Original name at birth | ital Ugolino dei conti di segni | ||
| Birth | |||
| Death | |||
| Buried | |||
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Content
Early years
Ugolino was born in Anagni . His date of birth varies in sources between 1145 [3] and 1170 years [4] . He was educated at the universities of Paris and Bologna.
Ugolino was elevated to the rank of cardinal deacon of the church of Sant'Eustako by his uncle [5] [6] , by Pope Innocent III , in December 1198 . In 1206, he was promoted to the rank of Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri . He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1218 or 1219 . At the special request of Saint Francis in 1220, Pope Honorius III appointed Ugolino Cardinal Protector of the Franciscan Order.
As a cardinal of Ostia, he gained a wide range of acquaintances, among them was the then Queen of England Isabella Angouleme [7] .
Papacy
Gregory IX was more than eighty years old when he was elevated to the papal throne in 1227 [3] . He took the name "Gregory" because he was proposed as a candidate in the monastery of St. Gregory [8] .
Being the successor of Honorius III (1216–1227), he followed the traditions of Gregory VII (1073-1085) and Innocent III , continuing to strengthen the Roman throne.
Inquisition
Alarmed by the spread of heresies in Spain and France, as well as mob violence against heretics, Gregory IX established the papal inquisition in 1231 to streamline proceedings against heretics [9] , although he did not approve of torture as a pressure tool. In 1232, Dad handed over the Inquisition into the hands of the Dominicans .
Northern Crusades
Gregory IX approved the Northern Crusades of the Teutonic Order , the purpose of which was the baptism of the Baltic pagan peoples, and which led to the attempts of the Catholic colonizers to seize the lands of the Russian Pskov and Novgorod principalities) [10] .
On January 23, 1229, he sent messages to Riga, Lübeck, Sweden, to Gotland, calling for the commencement of the trade blockade of Russia "until all hostile actions against the newly baptized Finns were stopped." It was recommended to prohibit the supply to Russia of weapons, iron, copper, lead, horses and food. It is noteworthy that the papal messages were released during the period when the worst famine broke out in Novgorod, while the German merchants did not obey the pope and finally rescued the people of Novgorod. On February 3, 1232, the pope issued a message to his legate Balduin Alnsky forbidding to make peace or to enter into agreements with pagans and Russians (Rutenus) [11] .
In a bullet dated November 24, 1232, Gregory IX asked the Livonian brotherhood of the sword to send troops to protect half pagan Finland , which was baptized by the Swedish bishops, from being colonized by Novgorod [12] .
In 1234, the troops of the Livonian Order were defeated by the Novgorodians, led by Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich , in the battle of Omovzhe near Yuriev . But already in 1237, Gregory IX had already addressed the Swedes with an appeal to organize a crusade to Finland .
The messages of the pope contributed to the consolidation of Catholic colonialists in attempts to conquer the territories of the Novgorod and Pskov principalities after the lands of Livonia, which were part of the territory of the Polotsk principality, were torn away in 1201-1216 [12] .
Teaching on Jewish slavery
In 1234 in the treatise "Decretals" he expounded the doctrine of "perpetua servitus iudaeorum" - the eternal slavery of the Jews. According to him, the followers of the Talmud must remain in a state of political slavery until the Day of Judgment. In 1239, under the influence of Nikolai Donin , a baptized Jew, Gregory ordered that all copies of the Talmud be confiscated. After a public dispute between Christian and Jewish theologians, 12,000 manuscripts of the Talmud were burned down on June 12, 1242 in Paris .
Support for begging orders
Gregory was a supporter of the mendicant orders, in which he saw an excellent means of countering the burden of luxury, typical of many clergymen. He was a friend of St. Dominic, as well as Francis of Assisi .
Pope canonized Francis of Assisi and many other saints popular in Catholicism, including Elizabeth of Hungary and Anthony of Padua .
Conflict with Frederick II
During his coronation in Rome on November 22, 1220, Frederick II made a vow to go to the Holy Land in August 1221 . Gregory IX constantly reminded him of this vow, since the emperor was in no hurry to fulfill it. This brought discord to their relationship. As a result, the emperor still went to the Holy Land, but at this time Reinald, the imperial governor of Spoleto , invaded the Papal States [3] . In June 1229, Frederick II returned from the Holy Land, defeated the papal army sent by Gregory IX to invade Sicily, and entered into open conflict with the pope.
Gregory IX and Frederick came to a truce, but after the defeat of Frederick of the Lombard League in 1239, the likelihood that he would be able to dominate all of Italy turned into a real threat. In 1239, Gregory IX excommunicated him [13] . The war began. An attempt to organize a cathedral to condemn the emperor in 1241 was thwarted by the actions of the imperial son Enzio, who intercepted ships and bishops at sea. The army of the emperor approached Rome [13] , while the Mongols reached the borders of Germany (there is a version of the strategic alliance of the Mongols with the emperor against the Guelphs [14] ).
The struggle ended only with the death of Gregory IX on August 22, 1241 . He was succeeded by Innocent IV, who declared a crusade in 1245 to eliminate the threat of Hohenstaufen.
Bulla Gregory Vox in Rama (1234), published in order to organize a crusade against the cross. Stteding community in the north. Germany, a cat. did not want to pay church tithes, is the first official church document that declares a black cat the embodiment of Satan [15] . Perhaps it was this bull, which encouraged the extermination of cats, to become one of the indirect causes of the plague epidemic that came from Central Asia — in such conditions the number of rats carrying plague sharply increased [16] .
Notes
- ↑ http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1198.htm#Segni
- ↑ 1 2 Union List of Artist Names - 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 The Catholic Encyclopedia . Newadvent.org (September 1, 1909). The appeal date is May 6, 2012.
- ↑ Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Gregor IX., Papst." In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German) 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 317-320. ISBN 3-88309-032-8
- ↑ The last act of struggle between the pope and the emperor (the first half of the 13th century) (Rus.) , Church Research Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" . The appeal date is June 27, 2018.
- ↑ Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 , (Vienna: Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984), 126–133.
- ↑ David Abulafia, Frederick II: a Medieval Emperor 1992. 480 pages. Oxford University Press, USA (November 1, 1992) ISBN 0-19-508040-8
- ↑ De Montor, Artaud. The Catholic Publication Society of New York, 1911
- Vizzier, Anne r., “Gregory IX”, Dictionary of World Biography , Vol. 2, Frank Northen Magill, Alison Aves ed., Routledge, 1998, ISBN 9781579580414
- ↑ Christiansen, Eric . The Northern Crusades. - New York: Penguin Books, 1997.
- ↑ Khrustalev, Denis Grigorievich . Russia and Livonia: Russian-Livonian Wars 1240-1242 biennium // Northern Crusaders. Russia in the struggle for spheres of influence in the eastern Baltic XII-XIII centuries / V.Yu. Trofimov - Scientific publication. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2018. - p. 271—300. - 622 s. - ISBN 978-5-91852-183-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Uzhankov A. N. Between two evils. The historical choice of Alexander Nevsky
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopedia for Children, V.1. World History, Moscow, Avanta +, 1993, article “Frederick II Hohenstaufen” ISBN 5-86529-003-7
- ↑ Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe
- ↑ Donald W. Engels. Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat. - Psychology Press, 1999. - P. 188. - ISBN 978-0-415-21251-9 .
- Med The History of Human-Animal Interaction - The Medieval Period - Animals, Cats, Europe, and Ages . Libraryindex.com. The appeal date is May 6, 2012.
Literature
- Vasilyev P.P. , Corelin M.S. Grigori, the Roman Popes // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Links
- Gregory IX . Orthodox encyclopedia. The appeal date is February 23, 2012. Archived May 24, 2012.
- Gregory IX (Eng.) . Encyclopædia Britannica. The appeal date is February 23, 2012. Archived May 24, 2012.
- Gregory IX (Eng.) . Catholic Encyclopedia. The appeal date is February 23, 2012. Archived May 24, 2012.
| Predecessor: Cardinal Nicola de Romanis | Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1219 - March 19, 1227 | Successor: Cardinal Payu Galvan |