Pskov Republic [2] [3] (or also the Pskov Veche Republic [4] [5] [6] , the Pskov Feudal Republic [7] [8] , the Pskov Principality [9] , the official - Pskov Statehood [10] , Pskov Land ) - a medieval state entity in Russia with the capital in the city of Pskov . From the beginning of the XI century until 1136 it was governed by Kiev governors , then it was part of the Novgorod Republic , using wide autonomy. Since 1348 it is completely independent. In 1510 it became part of the centralized Russian state .
| republic | |||
| Pskov Republic | |||
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| Pskov land | |||
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 Pskov Republic in 1400 | |||
←  ←  →1200s - 1510 | |||
| Capital | Pskov | ||
| Languages) | Ancient Pskov dialect [1] of the Old Russian language | ||
| Form of government | democratic republic | ||
| Official language | |||
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Board device
- 3 Farm
- 4 Loss of independence
- 5 Pskov land
- 6 See also
- 7 notes
- 8 Literature
- 9 References
History
The first Pskov prince (beginning of the XI century) was the youngest son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich Sudislav , who was put in the "log" by his older brother Yaroslav the Wise .
After the collapse of Kievan Rus in the XII century, the city of Pskov and its adjacent possessions along the Velikaya and Narva rivers and along Lake Peipsi and Pskov became part of Novgorod land . Pskov had special rights, including the right to have its own suburbs (one of the oldest is Izborsk ).
As a result of the successful participation of Pskov in the struggle against the Livonian Order (see Battle of the Ice ), the influence of the city as a part of the Novgorod feudal republic significantly increased, which ultimately led to its actual autonomy , especially after the victory in the Battle of Rakovors in 1268 . A particularly significant contribution to the process of separation of Pskov from Novgorod belongs to the Holy Prince Dovmont (1266-1299).
In 1348 (the Bolotovsky Treaty ), Pskov’s independence was recognized by Novgorod de jure, after which the Novgorod boyars stopped sending their posadniks to it . The only area in which Pskov remained dependent on Novgorod was church matters - it was still subordinate to the Novgorod archbishop in them.
Board of Government
Features in the economy, centuries-old ties with Novgorod, the status of borders and external military threats led to the development of the veche system. Unlike the Novgorod Republic , in the Pskov Republic there was no large boyar tenure, which did not allow the boyars to concentrate all political power in their hands [11] . Military danger and the proximity of aggressive neighbors determined the prince’s stronger power in the Pskov Republic. Veche elected posadnikov and sotskih , and also managed the relationship between the nobility, posadskih people, isorans [12] and smerdy . The Boyar Council had a special influence on the decisions of the assembly gathered at the Trinity Cathedral. It contained archives, important personal papers and government documents. The right to be elected to important positions was the privilege of immigrants from noble families. However, during the most dramatic moments in the history of Pskov, the so-called “young” Posad people, people of lower ranks, played an important and sometimes decisive role. The struggle between the boyars and smerds, "elders" and "young" posad people resulted in an appearance in the XIV century. heresies of strigolnikovs and in veche debates that began in the 1470s. and often spilling over into bloody clashes.
Upon the deposition of Pskov from Novgorod in 1348, Pskov recognizes himself as a vassal of the Moscow prince and agrees to elect persons pleasing to him for the Pskov reign. Since 1399, these princes are called Moscow governors. Basil II seeks the right to appoint Pskov governors at his discretion, and they take the oath not only to Pskov, but also to the Grand Duke. Under Ivan III, the Pskovs lost the right to remove the princes appointed to them.
Farm
In the Pskov Republic there was well-developed agriculture, fishing, forging, jewelry and architecture.
Extensive trade within the republic, with Novgorod and other Russian cities, the Baltic region and Western Europe (the Hanseatic League trading post was located in the city) made Pskov one of the largest craft and trade centers in Russia.
In Pskov for 85 years - from September 1425 to February 1510. - minted their own money .
Unlike Novgorod, in Pskov there were no large landowners, the land holdings of its citizens and monasteries were smaller and more scattered.
Social relations prevailing in Pskov were registered in the Pskov judicial charter .
Loss of independence
Strengthening ties with Moscow , caused by economic development, foreign policy goals, the Pskov participation in the Battle of Kulikovo and the successful joint opposition to the Teutonic Order and Lithuania, created the prerequisites for weakening the independence of the Pskov Republic.
In 1510, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III arrived in Pskov and declared it his patrimony , putting an end to the Pskov Republic. Veche was dissolved, about 300 wealthy Pskov families were expelled from the city. Their estates were distributed among the Moscow service people. At dawn on January 13, 1510, the veche bell was removed.
Pskov land
According to the scribe book of 1585-1587. [14] , Pskov land was divided at this time into the following territorial units
- 13 counties:
- Gdovsky (city of Gdov and 9 lips)
- Kobylsky ( Mound of Kobylie and 5 lips)
- Izborsk ( Izborsk and 6 lips)
- Vyshhorod (Vyshhorod mound and 8 lips)
- Ostrovsky ( Ostrov and 7 lips)
- Velievsky (Velje city and 15 lips)
- Vrevsky ( Vrev hillfort, 4 lips and 1 quarter)
- Volodimeretsky (Volodymyrets settlement and 3 lips)
- Vyborskiy (Mound of Choice and 5 lips)
- Dubkovsky (ancient settlement Dubkov and 5 lips)
- Voronochsky (Voronoch settlement and 8 lips)
- Red (g. Red and 7 lips)
- Opocki ( Opochka , 13 lips and 1 morning)
- 7 ambushes:
- Zaklinskaya ambush (5 lips)
- Belskaya ambush (4 lips)
- Meletovskaya ambush (6 lips)
- Zavelitskaya ambush (13 lips)
- Prudetsk Ambush (10 lips)
- Demanitsky ambush (9 lips)
- Rozhnitskaya ambush (7 lips) [15]
To this it is worth adding that earlier in the Pskov land was still the 14th Sebezh district from the city of Sebezh . And also from about 1576 to 1584 it included some territories of the Shelonsky pyatiny of Novgorod land : Porkhov district with the city of Porkhov and Lyatsky district, consisting of Lyatsky churchyard [16] .
See also
- Veche
- Of the Lord
- Ancient Pskov dialect
- Old Novgorod dialect
- History of the Pskov region
- Chartorysky, Alexander Vasilievich
Notes
- ↑ Clatter in the Old Novgorod dialect
- ↑ Encyclopedia "Russian Civilization", Big Encyclopedic Dictionary - 2000, etc.
- ↑ MEGAENCYCLOPEDIA KIRILLA AND METHOD: Pskov Republic
- ↑ Pskov land: Pskov veche republic
- ↑ Pskov Veche Republic - Compiled by Nikolaev E.V., an employee of the methodical department of the Youth Library named after A.S. Pushkin Archived on September 21, 2013.
- ↑ Day of the serf. The 500th anniversary of the “Pskov capture” should remind Pskovians of their true history. Part one. Pskov Republic // Pskov Province. No. 34 (455) September 09-15, 2009
- ↑ Pskov feudal republic in TSB
- ↑ Soviet Historical Encyclopedia: Pskov Feudal Republic
- ↑ Brockhaus and Efron Small Encyclopedic Dictionary Archived July 17, 2014 to Wayback Machine (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1208 days])
- ↑ About the Coat of Arms and Seals of Pskov
- ↑ Maslennikova N. N. Pskov Land // Agrarian History of the Northwest of Russia of the 16th Century, North, Pskov: General Results of the Development of the Northwest. - L. , 1978.
- ↑ Isorniks are feudally dependent peasants who paid a natural rent for the opportunity to cultivate the land, but who had the right to transfer to the land of another owner on certain days of the year.
- ↑ History and Ecology: Essays on the Origins of Historical Hydrogeography. Monograph / L.V. Bankovsky . - Solikamsk: RIO GOU VPO “SGPI”, 2008. - 356 p. - 41.4 pp - ISBN 5-89469-047-1 . Chapter From a Book
- ↑ Pskov and its suburbs. Prince 1. // Collection of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice. - T. 5. - M., 1913. Archived on October 23, 2013.
- ↑ According to the book of V. L. Yanin Novgorod and Lithuania. Border situations in the 13-15th century.)
- ↑ [Scribe books of Novgorod land v. 6, ed. K.V. Baranov (Patrol book of V.M. Bezobrazov, 7084); Nevolin K. A. About the Pyatins and Graveyards of Novgorod in the 16th Century (Scribe Book of L. Aksakov 7090; Scribe Book of G. Bundov 7093)]
Literature
- Pskov Republic / V.A. Arakcheev // Big Russian Encyclopedia : [35 t.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- Bolkhovitinov E.A. History of the Principality of Pskov. - M .: Kuchkovo field, 2012 .-- 528 s.
- Kafengauz B. B. Ancient Pskov. Essays on the history of the feudal republic - M.: Nauka, 1969
- Labutina I.K. Pskov. Historical background - Pskov: LLC company "Pskov Revival", 2001. - 172 p.
- Plotkin K.M. Ancient Pskov - Pskov, 1997
- Pskov: Essays on History: a collection / edited by I.P. Shaskolsky. - L .: Lenizdat, 1971. - 367 p.
- Pskov region in the history of Russia / compiler and scientific editor, academician of the Academy of Humanities, doctor of historical sciences, professor, E.P. Ivanov. - Pskov: Pskov Regional Institute for Continuing Education of Educational Workers, 1996. - CHAPTER III. Pskov feudal republic
- Stepanov Yu.V. Gratitude on the banks of the Great. - Pskov: LLC Pskov Revival LLC, 2003. - 104 p.
Links
- Metropolitan Eugene and Ivan Snegirev . The history of the Principality of Pskov with the addition of the Pskov city plan, volumes 1 and 2 . - Kiev: Printing house of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, 1831.