The system of fungi is a section of mycology that deals with the natural classification of mushrooms . The principles of systematics in mycology are based on the general principles of biological systematics .
Mushrooms are one of the most complex objects for systematics, especially for creating a natural, phylogenetic system. Scientific ideas about mushrooms, about their origin and place in the system of the living world rapidly developed and often changed during the whole period of studying these organisms, this was reflected in the systematics. Linnae placed the mushrooms in the plant kingdom, but he already had doubts about it. In the first half of the XIX century, E. Fries first proposed to define mushrooms in an independent kingdom, but this view did not find the support of scientists for nearly a century and a half, until the 1970s. By the end of the 20th century , the idea was formed that one kingdom was not enough for these very diverse life forms, morphology and origin of organisms. Some departments are transferred from the kingdom of Mycota to the kingdoms of Protozoa and Chromista , introduced in the last years of the 20th century, and are called "mushroom-like organisms." At the beginning of the XXI century, the system of fungi continues to develop rapidly, corrections are constantly being made to it, carried out on the basis of the results of a comprehensive analysis of morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular genetic characteristics. Since the most up-to-date ideas in this area are not stable, they cannot be fully reflected in educational literature, the authors are forced to reflect compromise options based on older, traditional ideas.
Content
History of mushroom systematics
Dolnenevian Botanists and Linnae
Mushrooms are a devil's work, violating the general harmony of nature, in order to embarrass the most talented researchers and despair young botanists.
- Sebastian Vayan (1669-1722)
Up until the end of the 18th century, there were no acceptable principles for the scientific classification of fungi. Mushrooms were divided into a small number of groups, based on the popular classification — porous and lamellar , or even edible and inedible (Great Herbarium, Great Britain, 1526; C. Clusius , 1601).
It was not clear what kind of kingdom of nature to include mushrooms, they were considered herbs and shrubs without flowers and fruits, even attributed to marine animals or minerals. Karl Linnaeus identified the place of the mushrooms in the last class of his system , where all the spore and lower plants were called “ secret lodgers ” under the name of “ secret persons ” For a long time after Linnaeus, the mushrooms were not isolated into a separate kingdom , but were assigned to lower plants. Linnaeus himself called this whole group a chaos in which no system could be found. He described only a very small number of genera of fungi, dividing them on the basis of the roughest signs — the structure of the lower surface of the cap ( hymenophore ) and the general shape of the fruit bodies , in fact repeating the popular classification. Thus, he identified all the lamellar fungi in the genus Agaricus , the porous ones in the genus Boletus , and in the Phallus genus, both the gastromycetes with the phallus-like receptacle and the asymomycetes were found.
The beginning of the work on the creation of a natural system
By the beginning of the 19th century, several hundred species of mushrooms, including mold ones , had already been described, and already in 1801 Christian Person 's work “ Synopsis methodica fungorum ” [1] appeared , the first attempt to understand the mushroom chaos and expand Linnaeus’s system. The person divided the mushrooms into two classes , each in three orders of magnitude , and the orders were divided into families. Many families introduced by Person are used in modern systematics.
Person's mushroom system:
- CLASSIS I Angiocarpi
- ORDO I Sclerocarpi
- ORDO II Sarcocapri
- ORDO III Dermatocarpi
- CLASSIS II Gymnocarpi
- ORDO IV Lythothecii
- ORDO V Hymenophecii
- ORDO VI Naematophecii
Personality classes are determined on the basis of the location of the sporiferous layer: the first class is closed, with internal hymenus, the second is open, with hymenus on the outer surface. In order I came in mushrooms with a hard stroma, in II - fleshy, in III - with a leathery skin and pulp, turning into powder, in the IV order were the genera Phallus and Clathrus , V was divided into 6 families on the basis of the structure of hymenia - agaric (lamellar ), boltovye (porous), gidnovye (see hedgehog), etc. In the 6th family ( Helvelloidei ) of this order entered a mushroom and tremrock. VI order - mold fungi, Fungi bissoidei . At that time, the mycelium was not yet discovered, it was considered an independent organism - “byssus”, which also entered the VI order of the Persona system as a genus Rhizomorpha with the description “ rigida glabra fibrae aut radiciformis (hard smooth fibers or root-shaped)”.
XX century
The emergence of molecular phylogenetic techniques
Principles of taxonomy
| Rank | End of nomenclature term | Application to a specific type [2] |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom ( regnum ) | - | Fungi |
| Sub kingdom ( subregnum ) | - | Dikarya |
| Division ( divisio ) | - mycota | Basidiomycota |
| Subdivision ( subdivisio ) | - mycotina | Agaricomycotina |
| Class ( classis ) | - mycetes | Agaricomycetes |
| Subclass ( subclassis ) | - mycetidae | Agaricomycetidae |
| Order ( ordo ) | - ales | Boletales |
| Subordo | - inales , - inae | Boletinae |
| Family ( familia ) | - aceae | Boletaceae |
| Subfamily ( subfamilia ) | - oidae | |
| Genus | Boletus | |
| Subgenus ( subgenus ) | ||
| Section ( sectio ) | ||
| Subsection ( subsectio ) | ||
| Series, or series | ||
| Contract or subseries | ||
| Species | Boletus edulis Bull. | |
| Subspecies | ||
| Variety ( varietas ) | ||
| Subspecies ( subvarietas ) | ||
| Form ( forma ) | ||
| Subform ( subforma ) | ||
Notes
- ↑ Synopsis methodica fungorum (lat.)
- ↑ NCBI
Literature
- All about mushrooms / ed.-comp. N. G. Lebedeva. - Kharkov: "Relic", 1997. - p. 5. - ISBN 9984-9011-0-7 .
- Mushrooms: Handbook / Trans. with ital . F. Dvin. - M .: "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - p. 300. - ISBN 5-17-009961-4 .
- The world of plants. In 7 t. / Tahtadzhyan A. L. (ch. Ed.), Ed. M. V. Gorlenko (T.2). - M .: "Enlightenment", 1991. - T. 2. Mushrooms. - pp. 18-19. - ISBN 5–09–002841–9.
- Kirilenko, TS. The determinant of soil marsupial fungi. - K .: “Naukova Dumka”, 1978. - p. 30-40.
- Vasilyeva L.N. Agaric Hat Mushrooms (pore. Agaricales) of the Primorsky Territory. - L .: "Science", 1973. - P. 10-26.
- Bondartseva M. A. The albatrellian, aporpian, bolotopsia, ... fistulin families. - SPb. : "Science", 1998. - p. 20-24. - (Key to the Fungi of Russia: Aphyllophoric Order; Issue 2). - ISBN 5-02-026076-2 .
- Smitskaya MF Flora of mushrooms of Ukraine. Operculatory discomycetes. - K .: “Naukova Dumka”, 1980. - P. 19—31.
- Kutaf'eva N. P. Mushroom morphology. - Krasnoyarsk: ed. Krasnoyarsk State University Press, 1999. — pp. 8-12. - ISBN 5-7638-0161-X .