Chikungunya virus [2] ( Chikungunya virus , CHIKV) is an arbovirus of the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family ( Togaviridae ), transmitted through mosquito bites of the genus Kusak [3] . You can get the infection in the Indian subcontinent , in Africa or Asia , now mosquito vectors have spread also in Europe and North America . The first European outbreak of chikungunya disease was in Italy . Since August 2015, the disease has been actively spreading in Mexico, Guatemala.
| Chikungunya virus | |||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||
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| International scientific name | |||||||||||
Chikungunya virus | |||||||||||
| Baltimore Group | |||||||||||
IV: (+) ssRNA viruses | |||||||||||
| Chikungunya | |
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| ICD-10 | A 92.0 |
| ICD-10-KM | |
| ICD-9 | 065.4 , 066.3 |
| Diseasesdb | 32213 |
| Mesh | |
Content
Symptoms
The incubation period of the virus lasts several days. Sudden fever with a temperature of 40 Β° C , often accompanied by severe pain in the joints , as well as muscle and headache , nausea , fatigue and rash [4] . Joint pain is often very severe and usually disappears in a few days or weeks. In most cases, patients recover, but the pain can last for several months or even years. Separate cases with ophthalmic, neurological , cardiac complications and impaired activity of the gastrointestinal tract have been reported. The disease rarely leads to serious complications, however, among older people, the disease can become fatal. Often the disease proceeds with minor symptoms, and the infection may not be detected, and in the regions where dengue fever spreads, the wrong diagnosis is possible, since the symptoms of chikungunya and dengue fever are similar.
Transmission
The virus is transmitted from person to person through the bites of infected female mosquitoes [1] . The main carriers are the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (they also carry many other diseases). These mosquitoes can bite throughout the daylight hours; peak aggressiveness early morning and late afternoon. Both species bite outdoors, but A. aegypti can indoors.
On average, the disease appears 4-8 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito, but the incubation period can be from 2 to 12 days.
In Africa, several other mosquito species are also involved in the transmission of the disease, including species from the group A. furcifer-taylori and A. luteocephalus . There is evidence that some animals, including primates, may be carriers.
Diagnostics
When diagnosing a virus, various methods can be used. Serological tests, such as immunosorbent assay using fixed enzymes ( ELISA ), are able to determine the presence of antibodies to the chikungunya virus IgM and IgG . The highest levels of IgM antibodies are achieved 3-5 weeks after the end of the incubation period and lasts for 2 months. The virus can be isolated during the first days after it enters the bloodstream. There are various methods of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RT), but the sensitivity of these methods is different, and some of them are also suitable for clinical diagnosis. PCR-RT products obtained from clinical samples can also be used for genotyping the virus, which in turn allows you to compare virus samples from different geographical areas.
Treatment
There are no special medicines to combat the disease, and there is no vaccine against the disease either. The treatment is mainly aimed at relieving pain, mainly in the joints.
Fighting and Prevention
The proximity of human housing to the breeding sites of mosquito vectors is a significant risk factor for the disease they transmit diseases, including chikungunya. The basis for the prevention and control of these mosquitoes is the reduction of natural and artificial ponds and tanks, which are their habitat and breeding . During outbreaks of the disease, insecticides can be sprayed to kill adult mosquitoes, treat surfaces in and around the tanks that mosquitoes land on, and treat the water in tanks to kill the larvae.
In order to protect against chikungunya, clothing should be worn that closes the skin as much as possible from bites in the daytime. You can spray open areas with repellents in strict accordance with the instructions contained in the annotations. Repellents must contain diethyltoluamide , IR3535 (3- [N-acetyl-N-butyl] ethyl ester of aminopropionic acid) or icaridine (1-pipecolinic acid, 2- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1-methylpropyl ether). For people sleeping during the daytime, especially for young children, patients, and the elderly, insecticide-treated mosquito nets can be good protection. Various spray guns can also be a possible protection.
Outbreaks of Disease
For some time, the level of human infection in Africa remained relatively low, but a major outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999β2000) and another in Gabon (2007). Also, a major outbreak occurred on the islands of the Indian Ocean. A large number of cases brought to Europe were associated with it, mainly in 2006, when the epidemic in the Indian Ocean reached a peak. A major outbreak in India in 2006 and 2007 also swept the neighboring countries of Southeast Asia. The first European outbreak of chikungunya was recorded in northeast Italy.
In May 2014, an outbreak was recorded in America.
In early 2015, the virus was detected in the city of Cartagena , Colombia . Quarantined several quarters of the city.
In May-June 2015, an outbreak was recorded in the Department of Kindio of the Republic of Colombia . The department includes the famous "coffee triangle", the city of Cali .
In September 2017, an outbreak was recorded in Lazio , Italy .
In the first quarter of 2018, an outbreak was recorded in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
Notes
- β Virus taxonomy (English) on the website of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) .
- β List of microorganisms, toxins, equipment and technologies subject to export control : [approved. By presidential decree of August 20, 2007 No. 1083]: officer. text: as of June 1, 2016
- β de Lamballerie X., Leroy E., Charrel RN, Ttsetsarkin K., Higgs S., Gould EA Chikungunya virus adapts to tiger mosquito via evolutionary convergence: a sign of things to come? (English) // Virol. J.: journal. - 2008. - Vol. 5 . - P. 33 . - DOI : 10.1186 / 1743-422X-5-33 . - PMID 18304328 .
- β Chhabra M., Mittal V., Bhattacharya D., Rana U., Lal S. Chikungunya fever (neopr.) // Indian J Med Microbiol. - 2008. - T. 26 , No. 1 . - S. 5-12 . - PMID 18227590 .
Links
- World Health Organization WHO | Chikungunya