Aleviz New

This is the second architect named Aleviz, who arrived in Moscow from Italy. The first to come to Moscow (in 1494) is traditionally called Aleviz Fryazin, Aleviz Old or simply Aleviz . Aleviz Old from 1494 to 1499 completed the Kremlin fortifications, in 1499-1508 he built the grand-ducal palace and walls from the palace to the Borovitskaya tower, in 1508-1519 he worked on the walls, towers and moats of the Kremlin from the Neglinnaya side.

In 1504, a new group of masters from Italy arrived in Moscow ^[3] . On the way to Moscow, this embassy was detained in Crimea by Khan Mengli-Giray , where the craftsmen worked for some time on the construction of the Bakhchisarai Palace . Releasing ambassadors and masters to Moscow, the khan wrote to Ivan III: “And the architect Anton Aleviz, Menli-Gireyevo gave the letter to me ... I took your brother’s label, went Aleviz master, Velmi good master, not like other masters, Velmi great master ... Just like you are honoring me and my brother is honoring the word, you will regret that Fryazin Aleviz, you know ” ^[4] . The fact that this “Velmi Great Master” is Aleviz Novy, who, according to the chronicles, completed the construction of the Archangel Cathedral and the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist at Borovitsky Gate in 1508 ^[5] , is also confirmed by the specification of “New” (regarding Aleviz Old) , and an honorary grand-ducal order for the construction of a family tomb - the Archangel Cathedral, and the similarity of the Italianizing portals of the Bakhchisarai Palace and the Archangel Cathedral.

More in the annals of Aleviz “New” is not called. In recent decades, there have been a number of attempts to identify this architect with the famous Venetian sculptor and carver Alvise Lamberti di Montagnana, but they, although they received wide resonance in modern popular science literature, are only an unconfirmed hypothesis ^[6] . Temple construction was supposed to be a specialization of the architect back in Italy, otherwise he would not have been entrusted with such an extremely responsible construction as the Archangel Cathedral immediately upon arrival.

In 1514, Vasily III ordered the construction of 11 churches in Moscow, “and to all those churches was the master Aleviz Fryazin” ^[7] .

Until the 1970s, the following point of view prevailed in the history of architecture: Aleviz Stary built only the western fortifications of the Kremlin along the Neglinnaya, and Aleviz Novy built all the other buildings mentioned in the annals (the Grand Kremlin Palace and all the temples, including those laid down in 1514 year).

In the last quarter of the 20th century, this point of view was called into question by S. S. Podyapolsky , V. P. Vygolov, and O. G. Ulyanov . These scholars attributed the Grand Kremlin Palace to the work of Aleviz Stary, and V. P. Vygolov doubted the authorship of Aleviz New and regarding the churches founded in 1514 ^[8] .

Later , S.V. Zagraevsky also spoke out that the arguments in favor of classifying the Kremlin palace as the work of the “master of the wall and ward” Aleviz Staroy are convincing (Aleviz Novy was not yet in Russia in 1499, moreover, in the annals of this year it says, that the master who built the palace was from Milan), but the author of the churches built after 1514 was still Aleviz New ^[6] .

In the XIX-XX centuries, the ability of Aleviz New to creativity in a wide range of architectural forms was confirmed by such buildings as the Bakhchisaray Palace, the Archangel Cathedral, the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist at Borovitsky Gate and the Annunciation in Old Vagankovo. In 1976, it was found that Aleviz was also the author of the Metropolitan Peter’s Cathedral in the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery (The version of L. A. Belyaev ^[9] that B. P. Dedushenko made this discovery in the 1960s is erroneous. In 1976, Dedushenko published an article about the cathedral, in which he wrote the following: “The appearance of it (the Aleviz Cathedral) is extremely different from the existing one, which is entirely built of brick from the second half of the 17th century.” ^[10] Mason Alexander O., who read the latest article, , a student of P.D. Baranovsky, explained to the research architect his mistake). In the early 2000s, the list of the architect's buildings known to us was supplemented by the churches of the Intercession , Trinity , the Assumption and Metropolitan Aleksey in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda ^[6] .

Thus, from 1505 to 1508, Aleviz the New built the Archangel Cathedral and the Church of St. John the Baptist, and further the specificity of his work as a temple creator also remained a priority. As S. V Zagraevsky showed, from 1508 to 1513 Aleviz the New built churches and a grand-princely palace in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda ^[6] , and from 1514 - 11 churches in Moscow. There are unconfirmed versions that he was the author of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Old Simonov , the Assumption Cathedral in Dmitrov , the Cathedral of the Ascension Monastery in Moscow, etc.

List of Aleviz New buildings in Russia

• Arkhangelsk Cathedral (Moscow) (1505-1508)
• Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist at Borovitsky Gate (Moscow) (1505-1508)
• Trinity Cathedral (Alexandrov) (1509-1513)
• Church of the Intercession (Aleksandrov) (1509-1513)
• Assumption Church (Aleksandrov) (1509-1513)
• Crucifixion bell tower (Aleksandrov) (1509-1513)
• Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Seny (1515-1516) (list of 11 churches that Vasily III ordered to be founded in 1514, updated by V. P. Vygolov ^[8] )
• Church of the Annunciation in Old Vagankovo ​​(Moscow) (1514-1516)
• Church of St. Vladimir in Old Sadeh (1514-1516)
• Church of the Annunciation in Vorontsov (Moscow) (1514-1515)
• Cathedral of Peter the Metropolitan in Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery (1514-1517)
• Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, which is near Bor (Moscow) (1514-1515)
• Cathedral of the Alekseevsky Monastery (1514-1518)
• Church of Leonty of Rostov beyond Neglinnaya (Moscow) (1516-1518)
• Church of the Introduction to Sretenka (Moscow) (1514-1518)
• Church of the Introduction to the auction (Moscow) (1516)
• Church of Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria at the Frolovsky Gate (Moscow) (1514-1516)
• Temple of Barbara the Great Martyr at Barbara (1514)

• Ulyanov O. G. "ROMA QUADRATA III". On the 500th anniversary of the construction of the palace of Grand Duke Ivan III in the Kremlin // Milestones of Russian history in cultural monuments. - Makariyev readings. - Vol. V. - Mozhaysk, 1998. - S. 508-529.
• Vygolov V.P. On the issue of buildings and the personality of Aleviz Fryazin // Ancient Russian art. Research and attribution. - SPb. , 1997.
• Podyapolsky S. S. Italian construction masters in Russia in the late XV - early XVI century according to written sources. Dictionary compilation experience. // Restoration and architectural archeology. New materials and research. - M. , 1991.
• Slavic Encyclopedia. Kievan Rus - Muscovy: in 2 volumes / Compiled by V.V. Boguslavsky . - T. 1 . - S. 14.
• Zemtsov S. M. Architects of Moscow in the second half of the XV and the first half of the XVI century // Architects of Moscow . - M .: Moscow Worker, 1981. - S. 70-76. - 302 s.

• Zagraevsky S.V. New studies of architectural monuments of the Alexander Sloboda . - M. , 2008.