Tobastians

The first information about the toba appeared in Chinese chronicles in 261. The name of the toba meant squinting because of their custom of braiding hair. In the Toba tribal union there were 99 clans and 36 possessions. Toba lived in the north of Mongolia and within modern Russia. Information about their early history is sketchy. According to Grumm-Grzhimailo G.E. Tobaccans migrated to Transbaikalia from the south in the 1st century BC ^[one]

At the beginning of the III century. the bulk of the Syanbi tribes, including Toba, migrated from Transbaikalia . ^[2]

Toba were nomadic herders and lived north of other Syanbi tribes. For three centuries they lived on the river. Onon, and then gradually began to advance south, crossed the Gobi and conquered a number of areas of fragmented and warring China, where they founded the famous Northern Wei dynasty (386-535). ^[3]

Under Khan Tuin, the Toba moved to the Dalai-nor Lake. Han Lin divided the horde into 10 parts. After him reigned Jiefen, he seized the former lands of the Huns . The next Khan Liwei moved to Ding Xiang, China. In Chinese sources, they called Toba those whose mothers and fathers were from the Huns and Syanbi . Zhujani considered themselves of the same origin with Toba. ^[four]

In 261 toba, they sent a tribute to Cao Wei , which was brought by Prince Shamohan. He was held hostage in China until 275 . Liwei again sent Shamohan with the embassy, ​​but he was killed in China in 277 , and Liwe died in his 104th birthday. The new Khan Silu fought against the rebellions and fought with hoots . In 295 toba divided into three aimaks, they were headed by the khans Luguan, Ito and Ilu. In 307, Luguan passed away. Toba Ilu united the tobacco workers under his rule. He fought with the Huns on the side of the Jin Empire. In 312, he defeated the Northern Han, but decided to end the campaign. In 315, Ilu received the title Dai Wang , built his capital and established a bureaucracy based on the Chinese model. In 316 he was killed by his son Lusu, who was deprived of his inheritance. Lusu was killed by Pugen, the son of Itu. Pugen briefly became a khan, but soon died. Khan became Yulyuy. Yulyuy conquered the lands of Usuns created in 318 the best cavalry in the steppe. The widow of Toba Itu, Wei Shi, wanting to make her son a khan, killed Yulyui and made her son Khan Khan. In 325, Hanu died. A war broke out between Toba Geng (brother of Han) and Toba Ihuahai (son of Yulyuy). Ihhui defeated, but fell ill and died, the throne passed to the youngest son of Yulyuy Toba Shiijian. By 339, Shiijian strengthened the country inside and out. Chinese officials were hired and criminal laws issued. In 340, he married the daughter of Muzhun Hui. In 340, Shiijian moved to Yunzhong. In 361, Liu Weichen became a citizen of the Dai kingdom, but 365 rebelled. In 375, Shiijian went to war on Liu Weicheng. When crossing the Yellow River, the tabgachi used a trick: pieces of bacon were thrown on ice that was not yet frozen, and reed rafts were laid on top, frost hit at night and this bridge hardened so much that it was possible to pass over it. Liu Weichen fled.

In 371, Chansun Gan attempted an attempt on Shiijiang, Prince Toba Shi covered his father with himself and received a blow with his sword to the side, he soon died. He had a young widow, Hashi (daughter of Shigan, an elder of the eastern aimak ), she was pregnant and soon gave birth to Tob Shaguy's son, Bay Wei Dao U-di . In 376, Liu Weichen attacked with an army from Qin . Shiijian could not personally command the army due to illness and decided to retreat.

In 376, the second son of Toba Shijun (拓拔 寔 君) decided to take the throne and therefore killed the brothers and Shiijian. Immediately, the Qinans began to attack Yunzhong. The dai was divided between Liu Kuzhen and Liu Weichen, but Fu Dan (King Qin) promised that Toba Gui would inherit these lands when he grew up. Until then, Toba Gui lived with his mother with Liu Kuzhen.

In 386, Toba Gelo (a relative of Shiijiang) of the Qin king asked to be approved as ruler of Dai and received permission. In March 386, Toba Gui moved to Shenle and proclaimed Bay Wei - North Wei .

North Wei subsequently split into East Wei (534-550) and West Wei (535-556). Eastern Wei was replaced by the state of Northern Qi (550-577), Western Wei - by the northern Zhou (557-581). Later, Li Yuan , the son of Li Bin, a Tobas general of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, founded the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Tang Dynasty reached the greatest dawn under Li Shimin

• Give
• North wei
• East Wei
• West wei
• North qi
• North Zhou
• Tan
• History of Mongolia

• Bichurin N. Ya. (Iakinf) Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times / part one / department III / Syanbi / II. Toba's house.