Church of St. Nicholas on Lypna is an Orthodox church of the end of the 13th century , a monument of Novgorod stone architecture. It is located on the small island of Lipno in the Msta River Delta, 9 km south of Veliky Novgorod . The main throne was consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker , the chapel - in the name of St. Clement.
| Orthodox Church | |
| Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A country |  Russia |
| Location | Lipno island |
| Denomination | Orthodoxy |
| Established | end of the 13th century |
| |||
 World Heritage Site | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Link | No. 604 on the World Heritage List | ||
| Criteria | ii, iv, vi | ||
| Region | |||
| Turning on | 1992 ( 16th session ) | ||
Content
History
The construction of the temple began in 1292 by order of the Novgorod Archbishop Clement . The church was founded eight kilometers south of Veliky Novgorod , on the island of Lipno, on the banks of the Plotnitsa River in the Msta delta.
According to legend, there in 1113 the icon of Nicholas the Wonderworker was found, painted on a round board, from which the Novgorod prince Mstislav Vladimirovich was healed [1] . Probably, in commemoration of this event, a monastery was founded there shortly after 1113 and a wooden church was built (there is no exact information about this, in the annals it is reported only that the church was built in the monastery).
The stone temple, founded in 1292 , and most likely completed in 1294 , became the first stone temple built in the Novgorod Republic after the Mongol invasion of Russia .
During the construction of the temple, architects focused on one of the last pre-Mongol churches - the Church of the Nativity in the Perynsky Skete , which in turn is a Novgorod processing of the principles of Smolensk architecture. This is the same square in plan, a cross-domed , four-pillar, one-domed and one- apsid temple, only larger and wider (10x10 m). The blades on the three-blade facade are present only at the corners. Initially, the facades were not plastered, the walls were made of limestone and limestone of different sizes and shades. The arches above the windows were made of dark-colored squared bricks (this was one of the innovations - they used to be built of plinths and limestone ). Above the western entrance to the temple is a niche in which there used to be frescoes . In the upper part of the drum , above the “eyebrows” of windows and under the three-blade outline of the facades, there are arcature belts , analogues of which, according to some researchers, should be found in the Romanesque (or transitional Romano- Gothic ) architecture of Livonia . In addition, the temple is decorated with small niches with stone relief crosses.
The interior of the church has a number of features. The lower part of the western pair of pillars supporting the supporting arches is made hexagonal, and the upper one is cross-shaped. The eastern pillars also have a cross-section at the top and a rectangular bottom, convenient for installing the iconostasis . An open staircase led to the choirs from the southwestern corner (previously they had been made internal).
View of Lipno island and church
Mural in the central part of the altar
The painting on the right side of the altar
The church was painted with frescoes in 1293–94. When clearing from later oil records in 1930, several well-preserved frescoes were discovered. The composition “ Annunciation ” was located on the eastern pillars, above the entrance to the deacon’s plot was “ Three youths in a fiery cave ”.
In 1764 the monastery was abolished, later the refectory and the church of the Holy Trinity were dismantled for the repair of the Skovorodsky monastery . In the XIX century, the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna came to desolation, services in it were rarely performed.
After the October Revolution, the temple was closed and dilapidated. At the same time, a two-tier belfry was demolished [2] .
During World War II, an island was located on the island of the Soviet troops, at times subjected to shelling by German troops [3] , which were 6 km away, on the western shore of Lake. Ilmen - p. Volkhov, as a result of which the temple suffered significant losses, only 65% of the masonry was preserved.
Preservation of the Monument
In 1945, restorers carried out work on the frescoes, and in 1954-56, a major restoration of the temple was carried out, and the original form was returned to it.
Currently, the island has the status of a protected area, and the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
On September 10, 2016, the church was visited by Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev [4] , on behalf of whom (based on a letter from the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated September 16, 2016 No. 3682-10.1-4), a targeted subsidy was allocated for the development of design estimates for the restoration of this monument . In December 2016, a restoration project was completed, which was approved in 2017 [5] .
The restoration of the temple began in 2018 and continued in 2019. Restore artists have yet to study and study the painting of the temple [6] .
Notes
- ↑ Prot. N. Pogrebnyak. Great Miracle Worker. From the history of iconography Nicholas. Archived February 1, 2009.
- ↑ Trifonova A.N. History of Veliky Novgorod in the XX century. - M .: Northern Pilgrim. - S. 257-368. - 390 s. - ISBN 978-5-94431-299-0 .
- ↑ This is how eyewitness Alexei Dorozhkin describes the events of those years: “On one clear, sunny day in March 1942, the Germans, who were then standing in the village of Ondvor, began to run out together with binoculars and rifles with an optical sight. And everyone began to look at the other side of the church of St. Nicholas on Lipna. Apparently they were informed by telephone that the church will now be shot from cannons. The Germans, for fun, began to shoot from a cannon, which was apparently in the village of Trinity, at the church. Visibility was beautiful. First, the sultan was seen from the explosion to the right of the church, then to the left and, with a third shell, hit the church. At this, the shooting of the church stopped. When the smoke cleared, it was clear that only ruins remained from the church. ”
- ↑ Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev visited St. Nicholas Church on Lipna near Veliky Novgorod . Date of treatment September 10, 2016.
- ↑ N.V. Grigorieva, General Director of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve. Report on UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Heritage Keepers website (September 19, 2019). Date of treatment July 5, 2019.
- ↑ The restoration of the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna in the Novgorod Region Continues . TV channel “Russia. Culture ”(July 5, 2019). Date of treatment July 5, 2019.
Literature
- Grabar I.E. Simplified type of temple // History of Russian art. - M .: Publishing House I.N. Knebel , 1910. - T. 1: Architecture. Pre-Petrine era. - S. 181-204. - 508 s.
- Maximov P. Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna near Novgorod // Architectural heritage. Moscow, 1952.Vol. 2. P.86-104.
- Tsarevskaya T. Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna near Novgorod and the ideological content of its painting. - Problems on art, 2010, No. 1.
- Black V. D. The Art of Medieval Russia. - M .: Humanity. ed. VLADOS Center, 1997. - ISBN 5-691-00021-7 .