Cheboksary history

On the large map of the Venetians of Francis and Dominic Pitsigani in 1367 and on the third atlas map of Katalinsky in 1375, in the place of Cheboksary , in the opinion of the doctor of historical sciences, professor V. D. Dimitriev , an image of the city without a name was drawn. On the map of 1459 drawn up by Fra-Mauro for the Portuguese king Alfonso V on the basis of earlier maps, the town of Veda-Suar is located on the site of Cheboksary (Chuv. Vata Savar, that is, “Middle Suvar”) ” ^[1] . The specified decoding of the name belongs to the same V.D. Dimitriev. But he was not a linguist and etymologist.

The date of foundation of the city is traditionally determined by its first mention in written sources. ^{[ streamlined expression ]} . The Russian chronicles mention Cheboksary as a well-known settlement on the Volga road in connection with the campaign of the governor Ivan Dmitrievich Runa to Kazan in May 1469 : “... they spent the night in Cheboksark, and from Cheboksary they went all day, and the whole night went, and came to Kazan in the early dawn ... " ^[2] . According to the researcher E. M. Pospelov, in written sources from 1469 the name of the city is mentioned in the singular form - Cheboksary ^[3] ). However, as an urban-type settlement, it existed much earlier. According to archaeological excavations in its place from the turn of the XIII - XIV centuries, there was a Bulgaro-Chuvash settlement. Currently, it is 1469 that is considered to be the time of the foundation of the city and this is recorded on its coat of arms. Historians insist on a revision of this date - based on the results of archaeological excavations and cartographic sources ^[4] .

In 1969, during excavations in Cheboksary, a fragment of a bark vessel with Russian inscription and ornament was found, dating from the first quarter of the 16th century ^[5] .

In 1555 , after the peaceful entry of the Chuvash Territory into the Russian kingdom , a fortress was laid here to protect the southern borders ^{[ clarify ]} countries and created Cheboksary County . The location of the city on the banks of the Volga gave advantages for the development of trade. In addition to the military fortress, in 1555 a commercial and industrial hut was built. The presence of a small internal river Cheboksark allowed to satisfy the daily needs of the townspeople, craft population. From the north and south, approaches to the Kremlin were hampered by natural steep slopes; from the west, a deep ditch 200 fathoms served as an obstacle for the enemy. From the east to the Kremlin adjoined the Posad, developing in one east direction. According to available data, the Cheboksary Kremlin was erected under the direction of Ivan Vyrodkov, a well-known in the reign of Ivan IV .

The main core of the urban organism was the Kremlin, which occupies a dominant position in the building, located on the highest and most protected point of the hill.

The first building for religious purposes, Cheboksary, was the cathedral church of Vvedensky ( Vvedensky Cathedral ), built in the 16th - 1st half of the 17th century . In 1566, by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Holy Trinity Monastery was created on the territory of the tenements. Between the Kremlin and the Holy Trinity Monastery, presumably in 1584, wooden buildings of the Nikolaev nunnery are being erected.

In the XVI - the first half of the XVII centuries. Trinity and Transfiguration monasteries were built in Cheboksary, Nikolaev and Blagoveshchensk monasteries were built for women . The merchants built for themselves stone houses.

In 1625, there were 458 soldiers in Cheboksary; according to the data of 1646, 1,661 males lived in Posad. By the end of the century, the city was losing its defensive functions and Cheboksary became a well-known shopping center of the Volga region.

The city was famous for its bell-making production everywhere - Cheboksary bells were known both in Russia and in Europe.

The development of trade, the spread of Orthodoxy and the mass baptism of the Chuvash people led to the architectural flourishing of the city - the city was full of churches and temples . The Vvedensky cathedral with a hipped bell tower and ancient frescoes is still in operation - it was the first brick building built in the city in the 60s of the XVII century.

At the end of the century the construction of monasteries is carried out outside the city. From the west of the city, on the banks of the Volga, the Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Gerontievskaya male desert , founded in 1672 , was located. From the south, on a hill between the hills, in 1700 the Sretensky monastery was built .

There is evidence that during the “wooden” period of the formation of the city, on the right bank of Cheboksark, the Pokrovskaya Church was built. The temple burned down. In 1672, on the site of a wooden church, stone was built at the expense of the parishioners of the Poluboyarovs, Kolokolnikovy and others. With the construction of this temple, as it were, the early period of the formation of the city, conventionally called "wooden", ends. And although pine and oak in the second half of the XVII century continued to remain the main building material, stone structures are also being built.

In the XVIII century. built Voznesenskaya, Pokrovskaya, Resurrection churches.

In the 1st quarter of the 18th century, certain categories of “servicemen” ( archers , Cossacks ) were transferred to tax-paying estates .

According to the results of the 1st revision of 1723 , in Cheboksary there were 1,924 people of the tax-paying population (male). From the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 18th century, Cheboksary was considered to be a famous trading city of the Volga region, in 1781 it acquired the status of a provincial town of the Kazan province .

In the 18th century , stone treasury and archive buildings, a magistrate , a lace courtyard , and 10 stone churches were built in Cheboksary.

In 1767, Empress Catherine II , sailing along the Volga past Cheboksary, expressed her admiration for the picturesque views of the city, she considered Cheboksary "better than Nizhny Novgorod in everything." Radishchev and Shevchenko wrote about Cheboksary. The beauty of the city was also noted by other travelers, about which the relevant records are preserved in historical documents. For example, academician IG Georgi, who visited Cheboksary in 1774, wrote: “Thirteen beautiful stone churches, four monasteries, a town hall and some reputable merchant houses give the city a pleasant look.”

Late XVII - first half of the 18th century. Along with the further development of absolute monarchy and feudal-feudal relations, the all-Russian market and commodity production is accelerated.

A plan of 1773 gives a fairly complete picture of the nature of the pre-regular planning of Cheboksary, the basic patterns and peculiarities of its formation. The layout of Cheboksary with seeming entanglement still has its own regularity and is functionally grounded.

The time from the end of the 17th to the second half of the 18th century in the history of town planning of Cheboksary was marked by an extraordinary scale of stone construction. During this period, the main monuments of religious purpose and civil architecture were erected. Typical for the buildings of the XVII century, the decoration was characterized by the warm Ascension Church, dating back to 1702-1703 documents. In the 17th century, the Annunciation Church and the Tolga Church of the Holy Trinity Monastery were also modest in size and decoration. The building known in literature under the name “House of the merchant Zelejshchikov” belongs to the earliest examples of stone civil architecture of Cheboksary. The construction of stone buildings in Cheboksary continued intensively in the XVIII century. The erection of many parish and monastery churches, founded by the civil buildings of the city falls on the first half of the century. The volumetric-spatial composition of temples was decided traditionally, in the forms of baroque. These were mostly small one-story churches, the temple part of which consisted of a single or double-sided quadrangle with a number of kokoshniki. The temples were either single-domed - the Church of the Nativity, the Church of the Nativity of Christ, or the five-domed ones - the Michael-Archangel Church, the Pokrov Church.

During the time of the Annunciation Church, the eponymous convent of the same name acted for some time, which was abolished according to the states in 1764, but continued to exist at least until 1773 ^[6] .

The originality of the decoration of window openings is different Michael the Archangel church.

In the second half of the 18th century, only two churches of Uspenskaya (1763) and Spasskaya (Kladbischenskaya) built in 1795 at the expense of merchant A.Arbatov were built in Cheboksary. In the 18th century, many state-owned, public (at the expense of the urban society) and private merchant stone buildings were erected in Cheboksary. Among them is a two-story building of the central administrative office of the city - the magistrate (1737-1742).

Cheboksary at the end of the XVIII century was the largest urban settlement in the territory of Chuvashia.

Stone buildings, for all their importance in the urban ensemble, were a small part of the buildings. Ordinary buildings Cheboksary XVIII century remained wooden and not preserved.

The former almost entirely wooden city often suffered from devastating fires. Large fires occurred in 1704, 1720, 1755, 1758 and 1773. The strongest economic damage to the city and the Cheboksary merchants was inflicted by a fire in 1773, when more than 2/3 of the territory of Cheboksary burned out. The report of the Kazan Governor Von Brant, sent to the Senate, said: “On April 30, there was a fire in the city of Cheboksary, in which 29 churches burned, 717 philistine houses, 14 tanneries, sebaceous and bell factories, storerooms on quays, barns with grain and other 49 stores, 38 retail shops with small goods, a state-owned barn with Iletsk salt, pub houses with glaciers and 4 "3 drinks. It should be noted that the number of churches in Cheboksary never reached 29. Perhaps this number, along with the temples, included belltowers, houses of monks, monastic buildings.

The fire of 1773 adversely affected the further development of the city. The negative impact on the economic life of the city was also exerted by the gradual loss of the value of the Volga, as the main trade route in connection with the construction of the new capital and the established lively ties of Russia with the European countries on the Baltic Sea. The flow of goods along the Volga has sharply decreased. The once turbulent economic life of the city, which created the conditions for the flourishing of stone construction in Cheboksary, began to calm down. The government of Catherine is taking concrete measures to reschedule cities and change the principles of construction.

In 1879, 4498 people lived (2308 women, 2190 men), including 2450 townspeople , 277 merchants , 146 nobles . At the beginning of the XIX century , its population was five and a half thousand inhabitants, and the industry was limited to a sawmill and several small factories. In 1880, there were 783 houses (including 33 stone houses), 91 shops and a shop, 3 schools, 2 hospitals, 1 bank .

In the 18-19 centuries in Cheboksary, the emphasis was mainly on the development of trade, not industry. Nevertheless, brick, leather, greasy and bell factories operate in the city. The city becomes the center for the production of malt, wine. The main city streets are a continuation of the roads to Kazan and Moscow.

The second regular plan of Cheboksary was approved by Emperor Nicholas I on June 19, 1829.

Stone construction in the specified period is not widespread. During the 19th century, only one stone church of the Nativity of Christ (1897), several bell towers were erected in place in the city, a prison building (1810) and a religious school building (1847).

Stone housing starts to revive only at the end of the century. The most significant buildings of this time are, preserved to this day, four buildings associated with the names of famous Cheboksary merchants Ephraim. A striking example of a rich merchant's mansion of the late XIX century is the house of P. Ye. Efremov (1884, Kupts Efremova Boulevard, 10).

At the beginning of the 20th century , 5.1 thousand people lived in the city. The total area of ​​the territory, together with the suburban settlements of Gerontievskaya Sloboda , Lakreevka , Usadka , Quay , Knutiha , Budaika , Selivanovka , Yakimov, Svechkin, was approximately 600 hectares.

Since 1920 - the center of the Chuvash Autonomous Region , in 1925 - 1992 - the capital of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .

After the creation of the Chuvash autonomy in 1920, the city of Cheboksary became its capital. Capital status had a positive impact on the development of the city. In 1940, the population of the city of Cheboksary totaled more than 40 thousand people, in 1958 - more than 100 thousand people.

During World War II , Kharkov and Moscow electrical equipment plants were evacuated to Cheboksary, and in the post-war years a number of other city-forming industrial enterprises were built. In Cheboksary, the 324th Verkhnodniprovskaya Red Banner Rifle and 139 Roslavl Red Banner Red Banner Order of Suvorov Rifle Division were formed. Both divisions have gone through a difficult but glorious battle path, the streets are named after them in their honor ^[7] . On November 4, 1941, the city was bombed - in the dark of day Cheboksary bombed one plane, dropping about 20 bombs. ^[eight]

A peculiar, unparalleled in the territory of Chuvashia, a monument of memorial architecture is the tomb of Ephraim. The tomb-chapel was built in 1911, designed by architect E. D. Malinovsky, in the forms of mature classicism. A typical example of industrial architecture of the late XIX - early XX centuries is the building of the distillery "Cheboksarsky" (1901, K.Ivanov St., 63). The building of the plant (the first official name - “Treasury wine warehouse N 3”) consists of relief, brick-lined details and original in form, pronounced attic with lucarnes.

In accordance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed on June 24, 1920, and on April 21, 1925, it was reorganized into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic by the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The city of Cheboksary acquires capital status, which contributes to the development and revitalization of construction. Among the most significant buildings of the late 1920s are the three-storey building of Glavsud built according to the designs of architect V.N. Aleksandrov (1926, 9 Luksemburg St.) and the building “House of a Peasant” (1927) , K.Ivanov St., 5)

In 1930, work began on the compilation of the first general plan of the city during the Soviet period. The design was carried out by the Leningrad and Gorky branches of the Institute of Urbanism Giprogor (authors: architect Uspensky S. P., ekon. Krylov L. V.). The master plan, developed in 1937, was not submitted for approval due to the unresolved issue of the location and construction time of the Cheboksary hydroelectric station.

In the first half of the 1930s, constructivism prevails in architecture, meaning the functionalism of buildings and the desire to emphasize the expression of structures in them. A striking event in the architectural practice of Cheboksary was the construction of the first sound cinema "Rodina" (K.Ivanov St., 9/25). From the dwelling houses of this period one should single out the 26-apartment house (CEC House), built in 1938 according to the project of the architect E.I. Gromakovsky at the corner of K.Ivanov and Bondarev streets. One of the largest implemented projects can rightly be considered the House of Soviets (now the Government House), built in 1934-1940. by architect M. M. Bazilevich.

Classical techniques and forms are widely reflected in numerous residential and public buildings of Cheboksary, built according to the designs of the famous Chuvash architect F. S. Sergeev. The most significant works are the 24-apartment residential house (1948, Leningradskaya St., 28), the House of Political Education (now Puppet Theater. 1954, Uritsky St., 41), the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1952, K. St. Marks, 41), Chuvashobl profsovet and Chuvashoblpromsoveta (currently the Russian Drama Theater. 1959, Gagarin St., 14).

By 1987 , in connection with the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric station , an artificial bay was created in the center of the city at the site of a number of blocks of old buildings. At the same time many historical buildings were lost.

• Construction of the Cheboksary Bay
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  Construction of an artificial bay in the city center, 1987

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  Construction of the second part of the artificial bay . Mid 1990s.

• 1555 - by order of Ivan IV, the Cheboksary fortress was built on the banks of the Volga halfway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan;
• 1925 - April 21 the city ​​becomes the capital of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ;
• 1926 - the largest flood on the Volga;
• 1926 - the beginning of Chuvashkino activities;
• 1932 - Cheboksary radio station built;
• 1946 - the first intracity bus route ;
• 1939 - On January 1, the Kanash -Cheboksary railway opened;
• 1941 - November 4, a German air force raided the city;
• 1954 - Cheboksary Thermal Power Plant was put into operation;
• 1958 - the city crossed the line of 100 thousand inhabitants;
• 1961 - regular television broadcasting started;
• 1962 - cable plant and hosiery and knitting factory were put into operation;
• 1963 - Kazan -Cheboksary high-voltage power line was built;
• 1964 - the first trolley buses appeared on the streets of the city (see Cheboksary trolleybus ) ;
• 1972 - construction of an industrial tractor plant began ;