French painting - painting of the population of France .
Nothing is known about Celtic painting to us, and only some fragments of mosaics have survived from the Gallic-Roman period in France. Likewise, nothing was preserved from the painting of the times of the Frankish monarchy, except for miniatures in the manuscripts of that time. In general, of all the branches of art of medieval France, painting is the poorest in the number of preserved monuments.
Content
- 1 Murals and miniatures
- 2 Stained Glass
- 3 XVI century: Italian influence
- XVII century: royal painters
- 5th XVIII century
- 6 End of the 18th century - 19th century
- 6.1 Three French schools of painting
- 6.1.1 Classical school
- 6.1.2 Romantic school
- 6.1.3 Realistic school
- 6.1.3.1 Domestic genre
- 6.1.3.2 Antique genre
- 6.1.3.3 Characteristic genre
- 6.2 Portraiture
- 6.3 Landscape painting
- 6.4 Impressionists
- 6.5 Landscape painters
- 6.6 Genre of still life
- 6.7 Monumental genre
- 6.8 Mysticism
- 6.9 Symbolism
- 6.1 Three French schools of painting
- 7 XX century
- 8 Notes
- 9 Literature
Murals and Thumbnails
Her first works in this country, as elsewhere, were not easel paintings, but images painted on the walls, and miniatures. Most of the medieval churches, now completely whitewashed, were at one time covered on the inner walls with vast compositions written by a fresco or tempera ; but of all these churches, St. Savin in Poitou is almost the only one in which there are still, although heavily damaged, roughly executed frescoes of the 11th and 12th centuries.
As for the miniatures, they were zealously studied in France since the time of Charlemagne , placing them first in liturgical books and prayer books , and then in other manuscripts . Gradually developing, the painting of miniatures reached high perfection under Louis XI in the works of his court painter Jean Fouquet of Tours and his school, as you can see, admiring the lovely illustrations of the prayer books of Anna Breton and King Rene in the Paris National Library . A prominent representative of the art of miniature at the end of the 15th century is Robin Testar (among his most significant works is “The moral instruction book on the chess of love” , a manuscript created for Countess Louise of Savoy at the end of the 15th century).
Stained Glass
From the 12th or 13th century, glass painting was also cultivated, remarkable examples of which, dating back to this time and the 14th century, that is, the flowering period of the Gothic style , present us with the windows of the bourgeois , Le Manges, Chartres , Rhine, Rouen and Tours cathedrals and Paris Saint-Chapelle . These are images of sacred history scenes, legendary events or individual figures made up of small pieces of glass, executed with a limited number of not mixed, but bright and deep in tone colors, and reminiscent of carpets . The name of one of the masters of stained glass, the artist of the early 16th century from Strasbourg, Valentin Bush, is known [1] .
Stained glass windows decorated not only church or public buildings, but also residential buildings. A rare example of surviving stained glass windows for a secular plot is the stained glass window "Chess Players" , created around 1450. It comes from L'hôtel de la Bessée (the residence of an old noble family in the city of Villefranche-sur-Saone ) and contains a very ambiguous image, possibly associated with a tragic legend from family history.
At the end of the Middle Ages, painting with refractory paints on enamel was very common in France, limited, however, to copying foreign paintings that came to hand and only rarely decided to reproduce their own compositions. She especially flourished in Limoges , in the 16th century, after Francis I founded a large enamel factory there and occupied his orders with its masters. According to the painting in the proper sense of the word, wall and easel, there were very few artists even in the 16th century, and only two stood out between them - Jean Cousin and Francois Clouet .
16th Century: Italian Influence
The lack of painters to decorate the palaces prompted the same Francis I to invite famous Italians to his court ( Leonardo da Vinci , Andrea del Sarto , Primaticcio ). They laid the first foundation of an independent French school of painting, which, however, continued to follow in the footsteps of the Italian school in the 17th century. The art of portraiture was greatly developed in the works of Jean and Francois Clouet , Geoffrey Dumoustier , his sons Pierre , Etienne , Cosmos and his grandson Daniel Dumoustier , Marc Duval , Francois Kennel . Original was the work of Jean Duve , familiar with the achievements of the Renaissance, but continuing the Gothic tradition and combining it with the achievements of mannerism.
The court painter of Henry IV Martin Fremine who painted the chapel of the castle of Fontainebleau by royal command, followed the style of Michelangelo ; Valantin de Boulogne tried to resemble M.-A. da Caravaggio , Jacques Blanchard studied the works of Titian , Simon Vouet imitated the light manner of Guido Reni ; Nicolas Poussin and Claude Jelly (K. Lorren) studied in Rome , where they spent most of their lives; Raphael was the model for Eustache Lesiuer .
17th Century: Royal Painters
The Paris Academy, established under Mazarin, became the center of artistic activity and the starting point of the direction, which it steadily maintained throughout the long reign of Louis XIV . All branches of art were centralized. Charles Lebrun , who was appointed the first painter of the courtyard and the head of all the works on decorating the royal buildings, gathered around him a whole staff of artists of various specialties - painters, sculptors, masons, sculptors, locksmiths, gilders, etc. Among them were people with very original talent , but everyone was forced to work according to the drawings and instructions of their boss. Lebrun, whose talent was mainly in the ease with which he was given the composition and performance of large and complex paintings, was no doubt capable of the dictatorial power that had been in his hands for so long; but his dry and cold manner could not convey the special appeal and brilliance of uncountable paintings painted under his supervision in Versailles , the Louvre , the Trianon , in the Madonna Palace , Marly's Palace and Vincennes palaces .
After the death of Colbert ( 1683 ), they began to prefer Lebrun Pierre Minyar , whose fresh, pleasant color was very much liked at court. Minyar decorated his small chambers in the Palace of Versailles with his painting and, after the death of Lebrun, took his post.
A special place in the art of this time is the work of artists of the Lenin family (brothers Antoine, Louis and Mathieu). They depicted scenes from peasant life and religious plots, in which they put sincere feelings and non-trivial interpretations (for example, in the painting " Baby Jesus, Kneeling in front of the Instruments of the Passion ").
18th century
At the end of the XVII and the beginning of the XVIII century, the French school did not have a strictly defined, monotonous character. Laurent de La Gere , Sebastian Bourdon , C. de la Foss , Noel Quapelle and Antoine Quapel , Jacques-Baptiste Cornell and Michelle Cornel , Bon Boulogne , Louis de Boulogne , J.-B. Santerr and others imitated who Poussin , who Charles Lebrun or Minyar.
However, between the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV , several historical painters acted, more thoughtful and independent than their comrades, such as Jean Jouvene , Nicola Colombel and Pierre Subbleira , and a lot of too dapper, but excellent and for their time very characteristic portrait painters, of which it would be enough to point to Claude Lefebvre , Nicola Larguillera and Hyacinth Rigaud .
In the mid-18th century, the Vanlo family was famous, especially the brothers Jean-Baptiste and Charles (Carl Vanlo). Having mastered the style of P. Berrettini in Italy, they, unable to cope with nature in any way, pursued only pleasantness and brilliant effect, and their direction, satisfying the taste of the time, soon turned, in the works of Natier , Natoir , Bush and Fragonard , into a theatricality , chewing and sugary.
Next to the historical branch of painting that degenerated in this way, its other branches developed, before which the artists occupied little. The graceful paintings of Watteau and his followers, Lancre and Pater , depicting scenes from everyday life of the upper strata of society, with costumed theater gentlemen and ladies chatting among themselves, dancing, having fun with music, etc. in magnificent parks or in beautiful corners of rural nature, excited Delight in art lovers. The latter were also held in high esteem by the genre writers A. de Favre and Jean-Baptiste Leprens . Chardin , depicting scenes of everyday life, kitchens and objects of an inanimate nature, created paintings that are not inferior in dignity to the works of Dutch masters that are similar to them. Deport and Jean-Baptiste Oudry with great success painted hunting scenes and animal figures. Simon Lantara and Joseph Vernet were highly regarded as landscape painters and marine painters. At the same time, Greuze reproduced scenes of family life in the middle and middle class, with sentimentality and tendentiousness, reminiscent of touched novels by Didro.
Late 18th Century - 19th Century
Three French Schools of Painting
The views of the then society, under the influence of encyclopedists, changed, and the main thing that began to occupy it was a serious history and questions of the best structure of social life. The spirit of that time was reflected in the works of J.-M. Wines and J.-F. Peyron who were the preparers and predecessors of the painters of the new art era, which came at the end of the XVIII century . In this era, the three directions of ideas that emanated from each particular source provided material and content for French painting and spawned three schools.
Classical School
The first, the so-called "classical" school existed from about 1780 to 1860. Its founder was Jacques-Louis David , and the successors of Gro , Guérin , Gerard , Girode-Triozon , Pierre-Louis Delaval and Letier ; it changed slightly under Ingres and ended with his last student, Hippolytus Flandren . Its starting point was nature, but viewed not simply, but through the prism of ancient and imitating antique latest masters. Classical antiquity, more Roman than Greek, and the Italian Renaissance, especially the Florentine and Roman, were the area in which this school revolved; biblical history, the legends of the heroic era and Christianity were her favorite subjects. Pierre Paul Prudon , although not formed in a classical school, is close to her in his paintings reminiscent of grace, the play of chiaroscuro and the completeness of Correggio . It goes without saying that the most important works of the classics belonged to historical painting, as the main one from the point of view of the academy and encouraged by it. Other branches of painting were cultivated in the school very moderately; the artists involved in these industries are genre painters Charles Vernet and Theodore Gericault , landscape painters Tonne and Demarn , animal painter Jacques Raymond Braskassa and flower painters Redoute and Saint-Jean .
Romantic School
The second school, known as “romantic,” did not survive the generation that saw its emergence, namely, it existed only from 1828 to 1858. The Englishman Bonnington , the Dutchman Ari-Schaeffer , Eugene Delacroix and Paul Delaroche put it forward, but with them she left the stage. And for this school, the starting point was nature, but entirely subordinate to the individual view of the artist and therefore reflects the arbitrariness of his imagination. In the beginning, the romantic school learned for itself stories only from the history and everyday life of the Middle Ages, but then began to turn to them for the life of the last three centuries, and its main task was to observe archaeological accuracy in the depiction of the smallest details. Neglecting academic drawing from life, the romantics began to study the history of costumes with more zeal and turned historical painting into an explanatory illustration of the narratives about old times and works of ancient and newest poets. Classicism fell into the cold beauty of forms and into the porcelain smoothness and powerlessness of transparent paints; Romanticism suffered from other shortcomings - the astounding strangeness of the choice of subjects, the pastiness and carelessness of the technique that led to its fall. In contrast to the historical genus of painting, its other branches have reached unprecedented importance in a romantic school and have long won the favor of the public. Gilles St. Evreux , Leopol Robert, Dean, Camille Rokplan , Eugene Isabe , Tony Joanno , Diaz , Eugene Lamy and others worked with great success in the historical genre, and some of them excellently painted landscapes, sea views and paintings with animals . Horace Vernet , I. Bellange, Charle and Auguste Raffe made themselves famous for depicting battles and military life in general. The vigorously executed, often very poetic landscapes of Caba , T. Russo , Mariglia, Gue and Jules Dupree push the stylized and idealized works of “historical” landscape painters into the background, although among these latter there were still such talents as Blaise Deshoff , Alinyi , Jean-Victor Bertin and Eduard Bertin . The painting of marine and coastal species was successfully cultivated by Guden , Garner and Eugene Lepuateven , and Braskassa and Saint-Jean they gained fame still retained by them - the first as an animal painter, and the second as a master to paint flowers.
Realistic School
The third, and newest, school was formed through a mix of previous schools. It seeks not to improve, not idealize nature, but to convey it in characteristic features such as it really is. Classical antiquity, as well as the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, is very little interested in it; its task is to portray modernity. It is called the "naturalistic" and "realistic" school, and it has long and unchallengedly dominated the painting of the XIX century. Of course, there could be no mention of stylish historical painting in the former sense of the word. Хотя Кабанель , Бодри , Бенувиль , Эбар , Жалабер , Жоббе-Дюваль , Густав Моро , Бугро , Эмиль Леви , Жюль Лефевр , Рибо , Эннер , Жан-Поль Лоран , Поль-Жозеф Блан и др. могут называться в некотором отношении историческими живописцами, однако значительное большинство их картин принадлежит к разряду жанров.
В этой области искусства новейшие французские живописцы достигли великолепных результатов, так как овладели всеми нужными для того средствами. Никогда ещё изучение и понимание нравов, обычаев, чувств и характеров людей недавнего и самого последнего времени не было так тонко, свободно и всесторонне, как теперь. Интересные и пикантные старинные и современные костюмы, особенности элегантного общества, проявления капризов моды, домашние мир и разлад, маленькие происшествия во время прогулок, в гостиницах и в кафе, веселое, комичное и типичное в быте разных стран — все это никто ещё не изучал так основательно, никто не наблюдал так зорко, никто не изображал так живо и мастерски, как новейшие французские жанристы.
Бытовой жанр
По части маленьких, тонко исполненных картин исторически-бытового содержания не имел соперников себе знаменитый Жан-Луи-Эрнест Месонье́ ; к нему в большей или меньшей степени примыкают Фовле , Шаве , Плассан , Фишель , Жюль Вормс и многие др. Их кабинетные картинки переносят зрителей в XVII и XVIII столетия, но некоторые из группы подобных жанристов, как, например, Шарль Конт , Джеймс Тиссо , Луи Лелуар и Адриен Моро , охотно обращались за сюжетами, кроме того, к истории средних веков и Возрождения и обрабатывали их оригинальным образом.
Античный жанр
Гюстав Буланже и Гектор Леру удачно соперничали с Жеромом в «античном жанре», введенном им во французское искусство и доныне возделываемом многими. Отраслью этого рода живописи надо считать «новопомпейский жанр», в котором особенно отличался Пьер-Поль Амон . В том же своеобразном роде работали Пику Изанбер и др. Тульмуш , Шаплен , Бонвен , Э. Фрер , Ж. Вибер и Ф. Жирар заслуженно получили известность, как наблюдательные и изящные изобразители быта высшего и среднего классов горожан.
Характерный жанр
Во главе живописцев деревенского быта и характерного жанра явились Жюль Бретон и Гюстав Брион , два необыкновенно талантливых, проникнутых теплым чувством рисовальщика, колориста и композитора. Кроме них, прекрасно воспроизводили жизнь поселян различных французских провинций Гюильмен , Ад. и Арм. Лелё , , П. Билле и др. Жанровые картины большого размера, а также большие пейзажи с животным стаффажем писали Гюстав Курбе и Франсуа Милле ; их произведения доныне в большом почете у публики за ярко выраженную в них любовь к природе и к меньшой братии, хотя у первого из этих художников техническая сторона исполнения посредственна. А. М. де Невиль , Ж. Дюпре , Э. Детайль и Проте — замечательные живописцы военной жизни, имеющие мало общего с прежними холодными баталистами, представляющие в своих картинах сражений не манекены в солдатском костюме, а мыслящих и чувствующих людей и составляющие из них сцены, нередко полные потрясающего драматизма.
Между жанристами, бравшими сюжеты для своих произведений из восточного быта, особенно выдаются Фромантен , Ш. Фрер , Бида , Пазини и Буно .
Портретная живопись
Портретная живопись составляла предмет занятий многих художников, как сделавших её своею специальностью, так и обращавшихся к ней по временам от исторического рода и от жанра; произведения их по большей части отличаются вкусом постановки фигур и виртуозностью кисти, но редко передают не одну только внешность изображенных лиц, а также и их внутреннюю жизнь и тонкие черты их характера.
Пейзажная живопись
Особенно сильно и оригинально развилась в новейшей Франции пейзажная живопись. Совершенно бросив прежнее направление, стремившееся к приукрашиванию природы по правилам стильной живописности, она стала искать только верного копирования действительности и внешнего истолкования её постоянного характера и случайных явлений. Франсе , Добиньи , Ксавье и Сезар де Коки , Эмиль Бретон , Камиль Бернье , Блен и др., трудясь в этом натуралистическом направлении, выказали каждый более или менее замечательный талант, и их картины, отличающиеся тонкой передачей воздушной перспективы, правдивостью общего и частностей, блеском красок и сочным письмом, по достоинству высоко ценятся любителями искусства.
Импрессионисты
От этих художников значительно разнятся пейзажисты , идущие по стопам Коро и его последователей — Шентрейля , Декана и др., гнавшихся исключительно за схватыванием общего впечатления природы, жертвовавших для того обработкой частностей и позволявших себе упущения и переиначивания того, что наблюдено ими в действительности, и небрежность технического исполнения. Картины этих художников, получивших прозвание « импрессионистов », представляют собой скорее эскизы , чем оконченные произведения, что не мешает им пользоваться большим почётом в некоторой части публики. Живопись морских видов уже не занимала такого видного места во французском искусстве, как прежде.
Стремления импрессионистов, в особенности Мане , Бастьена Лепажа и Дега , привели к полному перевороту в трактовании света. Многим опостылело сосредоточенное освещение мастерских, и они пустились работать на открытом воздухе (пленеристы).
Пейзажисты
Большие и маленькие пейзажи , в которых главную роль играют животные или, по крайней мере, животные составляют стаффаж , существенно важный для передачи эффектов освещения и для лучшего обозначения форм почвы и растительности, мастерски писали Констан Тройон , Роза Боннер и Палицци . Шарль Жак прославился своими изображениями различных пород домашней птицы, овечьих стад и овчарен. Собаки и кошки имели верного изобразителя их нравов в лице Эжена Ланбера .
Жанр натюрморта
Живопись так называемой «мёртвой природы» — специальность Филиппа Руссо и Блеза Дегоффа — двух художников, совершенно противоположных по приёмам работы, но одинаково искусных. Наконец, по живописи цветов и плодов следует указать, как на самых даровитых мастеров того времени, на Шабаль-Дюссюржея , Фантен-Латура и Этьена Пти .
Монументальный жанр
Пюви де Шаванн — своими фресками в парижском Пантеоне и другими работами — указал новый путь к монументальной декоративной живописи.
Мистицизм
Символизм
В своих картинах художники-символисты пытались отобразить существование каждой души — полное переживаний, рефлексий, неясных, смутных ощущений, тонких чувств и мимолётных впечатлений. Символизм делит мир на две части: мир вещей и мир идей. Символ - это условный знак, соединяющий эти миры в смысле, им порождаемом. В любом символе есть две стороны — означаемое и означающее. Вторая сторона повернута к ирреальному миру. Искусство — ключ к тайне. По мнению символистов, подлинное Бытие , «истинно-сущее» или Тайна — есть абсолютное , объективное начало, к которому принадлежат и Красота , и мировой Дух . См. также Модерн .
Основные представители живописи символизма во Франции - Гюстав Моро , Анри Фантен-Латур , Одилон Редон , Пюви де Шаванн , Эжен Каррьер , Эдгар Максенс , Элизабет Сонрель .
XX century
Notes
Literature
- Французское искусство // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Герман М. Ю. . Импрессионизм . Основоположники и последователи. - SPb. : Азбука-классика , 2008. — 528 с. — ( Новая история искусства ). - 7000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-395-00053-8 .
- Даниэль С. М. Французская живопись: Взгляд из России: [Альбом]. — СПб.: Аврора , [2002] (Серия: Национальные школы живописи). — [288] c. — ISBN 5-7300-0713-2
- Яворская Н. В. Из истории советского искусствознания; О французском искусстве XIX—ХХ веков. — М.: Советский художник , 1987 (Серия: Библиотека искусствознания ). — 256 с.
- Яворская Н. В. Современная французская живопись: очерки. — М.: Искусство , 1977 (Зарубежное искусство 20 в.). — 213 с.: ил.
- Herbé, «Histoire des beaux-arts en France par les monuments» ( Париж , 1847);
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